NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE & ACCURATE SOLUTIONS.
1) Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
a a a a a a a
A. Inside motivation a
B. Interior motivation a
C. Intrinsic motivation a
D. Idealistic motivation -- Correct Answer ✔✔ C. Intrinsic motivation
a a a a a a a a
2) Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
a a a a a a a a a a
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased a a a a a a
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
a a a a a a a a a
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
a a a a a a a a a a
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class --
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Correct Answer ✔✔ B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
plan
3) Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
a a a a a a a a a a a
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
a a a a a
A. Lack of transportation a a
B. Lack of intrinsic motivationa a a
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
a a a a a a a
D. None of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A. Lack of transportation
a a a a a a a a a a a
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
a a a a a a a a
4) What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
a a a a a a a a
all that apply.
a a
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
a a a a a a a a a
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
a a a a a a a a a
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else a a a a a a a a a
D. None of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A. A client transferring their
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
relationship with another onto the therapist a a a a a
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
a a a a a a a a a a
,5) What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk a a a a
B. Duty to warn a a
C. When the therapist is going on vacation a a a a a a
D. All of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ B. Duty to warn
a a a a a a a a a a a
6) Behavior Theory -- Correct Answer ✔✔ comes from the idea that all behaviors
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
are learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
a a a a a a a a a
7) What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
B. Watson? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ behavior theory
a a a a a a a
8) Behavior Therapy -- Correct Answer ✔✔ concentrates on the observable
a a a a a a a a a a
behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
a a a a a a a a a a
9) Key components of Behavior theory: -- Correct Answer ✔✔ conditioning,
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforcement, and punishment a a
10) What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ the
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
subjective rather than objective a a a
11) Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Trained
a a a a a a a a a a a a
12) Classical Conditioning -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a process in which a subject comes
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued
a a a a a a a a a a a
exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
a a a a a a a a
13) Operant Conditioning -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a process in which a subject engages
a a a a a a a a a a a a
ain the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
a a a a a a a a a a
14) Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
a a a a a a a a a a a a
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? --
a a a a a a a a a a a
, Correct Answer ✔✔ Watson - he believed that all human beings could change
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
their behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
a a a a a a
15) Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
a a a a a a
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed
a a a a a a a a a
interval, variable interval) -- Correct Answer ✔✔ B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
a a a a a a a a a a a
16) Continuous reinforcement schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ reinforcing the
a a a a a a a a a
desired response every time it occurs
a a a a a
17) Partial reinforcement schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ reinforcing a response only
a a a a a a a a a a a
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
a a a a a a
18) fixed ratio schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response only after a predetermined number of responses
a a a a a a a a a
19) What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ a high, steady rate of responses.
a a a a a a a
20) What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
answer five questions correctly -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Fixed ratio
a a a a a a a a a
21) variable-ratio schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
a a a a a a a a
22) What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ High, steady rate of responding
a a a a a a
23) What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine -- Correct Answer ✔✔
a a a a a a a a a a a a
variable-ratio
24) fixed-interval schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
a a a a a a a a a
, 25) What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
activity and then after each two minutes of activity? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ fixed-
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
interval
26) variable-interval schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
a a a a a a
27) What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
a a a a a a a a a a a a
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ variable-interval a a
28) In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
a a a a a a a
punishment _______________ behavior. -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Increases,
a a a a a a a a
Decreases
29) What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either
a a a a a a a a a a
removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
a a a a a a a
30) A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his name
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status examination? -
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
- Correct Answer ✔✔ Sensorium
a a a a
31) What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
a a a a a a a a a a
between 1965 and 1976? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Wanting exciting jobs and
a a a a a a a a a a a a
keeping options open a a
32) A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which drastically
a a a a a a a a a a a
reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden, however, the younger
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he was perfectly well-
a a a a a a a a a a
behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's change in behavior following
a a a a a a a a a a
athe divorce? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Homeostasis
a a a a a a
WITH COMPLETE & ACCURATE SOLUTIONS.
1) Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
a a a a a a a
A. Inside motivation a
B. Interior motivation a
C. Intrinsic motivation a
D. Idealistic motivation -- Correct Answer ✔✔ C. Intrinsic motivation
a a a a a a a a
2) Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
a a a a a a a a a a
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased a a a a a a
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
a a a a a a a a a
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
a a a a a a a a a a
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class --
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Correct Answer ✔✔ B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
plan
3) Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
a a a a a a a a a a a
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
a a a a a
A. Lack of transportation a a
B. Lack of intrinsic motivationa a a
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
a a a a a a a
D. None of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A. Lack of transportation
a a a a a a a a a a a
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
a a a a a a a a
4) What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
a a a a a a a a
all that apply.
a a
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
a a a a a a a a a
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
a a a a a a a a a
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else a a a a a a a a a
D. None of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A. A client transferring their
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
relationship with another onto the therapist a a a a a
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
a a a a a a a a a a
,5) What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk a a a a
B. Duty to warn a a
C. When the therapist is going on vacation a a a a a a
D. All of the above -- Correct Answer ✔✔ B. Duty to warn
a a a a a a a a a a a
6) Behavior Theory -- Correct Answer ✔✔ comes from the idea that all behaviors
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
are learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
a a a a a a a a a
7) What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
B. Watson? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ behavior theory
a a a a a a a
8) Behavior Therapy -- Correct Answer ✔✔ concentrates on the observable
a a a a a a a a a a
behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
a a a a a a a a a a
9) Key components of Behavior theory: -- Correct Answer ✔✔ conditioning,
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforcement, and punishment a a
10) What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ the
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
subjective rather than objective a a a
11) Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Trained
a a a a a a a a a a a a
12) Classical Conditioning -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a process in which a subject comes
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued
a a a a a a a a a a a
exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
a a a a a a a a
13) Operant Conditioning -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a process in which a subject engages
a a a a a a a a a a a a
ain the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
a a a a a a a a a a
14) Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
a a a a a a a a a a a a
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? --
a a a a a a a a a a a
, Correct Answer ✔✔ Watson - he believed that all human beings could change
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
their behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
a a a a a a
15) Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
a a a a a a
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed
a a a a a a a a a
interval, variable interval) -- Correct Answer ✔✔ B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
a a a a a a a a a a a
16) Continuous reinforcement schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ reinforcing the
a a a a a a a a a
desired response every time it occurs
a a a a a
17) Partial reinforcement schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ reinforcing a response only
a a a a a a a a a a a
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
a a a a a a
18) fixed ratio schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response only after a predetermined number of responses
a a a a a a a a a
19) What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ a high, steady rate of responses.
a a a a a a a
20) What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
answer five questions correctly -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Fixed ratio
a a a a a a a a a
21) variable-ratio schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
a a a a a a a a
22) What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ High, steady rate of responding
a a a a a a
23) What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine -- Correct Answer ✔✔
a a a a a a a a a a a a
variable-ratio
24) fixed-interval schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that
a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
a a a a a a a a a
, 25) What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
activity and then after each two minutes of activity? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ fixed-
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
interval
26) variable-interval schedule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a reinforcement schedule that a a a a a a a a a a
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
a a a a a a
27) What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
a a a a a a a a a a a a
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ variable-interval a a
28) In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
a a a a a a a
punishment _______________ behavior. -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Increases,
a a a a a a a a
Decreases
29) What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? -- Correct
a a a a a a a a a a a
Answer ✔✔ Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either
a a a a a a a a a a
removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
a a a a a a a
30) A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his name
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status examination? -
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
- Correct Answer ✔✔ Sensorium
a a a a
31) What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
a a a a a a a a a a
between 1965 and 1976? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Wanting exciting jobs and
a a a a a a a a a a a a
keeping options open a a
32) A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which drastically
a a a a a a a a a a a
reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden, however, the younger
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he was perfectly well-
a a a a a a a a a a
behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's change in behavior following
a a a a a a a a a a
athe divorce? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Homeostasis
a a a a a a
