EPPP Clinical Psychology - Psychotherapy
Research/Diversity Issues QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Eysenck (1952) - ANSWER>>- 24 outcome studies. Concludes that the effects of
psychotherapy are small or nonexistent and that positive effects are Spontaneous
Remission.
- 72% of neurotic adults in no therapy control group improved
66% of clients receiving eclectic psychotherapy and 44% of clients receiving
psychoanalytic therapy showed a decrease in symptoms.
- His conclusions were challenged.
Meta Analysis (Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) - ANSWER>>- Combined 475
outcome studies and obtained a mean effect size of .85.
- The average therapy client is better off than 80 percent of those who need
therapy but do not receive treatment.
Who contradicted Eysenck's findings? - ANSWER>>- Smith and colleagues. Used a
meta analysis to combine results and calculate an effect size.
Effect Size - ANSWER>>- Converts the date from different studies to a common
metric so that results can be quantitatively combined and compared.
- Calculation: Subtract the mean outcome score of the control group from the
mean outcome score of the treatment group and divide the difference by the SD
of the control group.
Dose-Dependent Effect (Howard and his Colleagues; 1996) - ANSWER>>-
Relationship between treatment length and outcome levels off at about 26
sessions.
, - 75% of clients showed improvement at 26 sessions. At 52 sessions, this
increased to only 85%.
Phase Model - ANSWER>>- Howard et al
- Therapy effects in three stages (Remoralization, Remediation, and
Rehabilitation)
Phase Model: Remoralization - ANSWER>>- Client's feelings of hopelessness and
desperation respond quickly to therapy.
- Accomplished during the first few sessions
Phase Model: Remediation - ANSWER>>- Focus in on the presenting symptoms.
- Symptomatic relief requires about 16 sessions.
Phase Model: Rehabilitation - ANSWER>>- Unlearning troublesome, maladaptive,
habitual behaviors and establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of
life.
- Number of sessions depends on the type and the severity.
Efficacy studies - ANSWER>>- Clinical trials
- Most useful for establishing whether or not a treatment has an effect
Effectiveness studies - ANSWER>>- Correlational or quasi experimental
- Best for assessing clinical utility (i.e., for determining a treatment's
generalizability, feasibility, and cost effectiveness).
Research on therapy with diverse populations - ANSWER>>- Improvements in GAS
scores following therapy in order: Hispanic, Anglo, Asian, African American.
Therapist Client Matching - ANSWER>>- Ethnic matching reduced premature
termination rates for Asian, Hispanic, and White but not for African Ameriancs.
- Matching was associated with improved treatment for Hispanics only.
Research/Diversity Issues QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Eysenck (1952) - ANSWER>>- 24 outcome studies. Concludes that the effects of
psychotherapy are small or nonexistent and that positive effects are Spontaneous
Remission.
- 72% of neurotic adults in no therapy control group improved
66% of clients receiving eclectic psychotherapy and 44% of clients receiving
psychoanalytic therapy showed a decrease in symptoms.
- His conclusions were challenged.
Meta Analysis (Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) - ANSWER>>- Combined 475
outcome studies and obtained a mean effect size of .85.
- The average therapy client is better off than 80 percent of those who need
therapy but do not receive treatment.
Who contradicted Eysenck's findings? - ANSWER>>- Smith and colleagues. Used a
meta analysis to combine results and calculate an effect size.
Effect Size - ANSWER>>- Converts the date from different studies to a common
metric so that results can be quantitatively combined and compared.
- Calculation: Subtract the mean outcome score of the control group from the
mean outcome score of the treatment group and divide the difference by the SD
of the control group.
Dose-Dependent Effect (Howard and his Colleagues; 1996) - ANSWER>>-
Relationship between treatment length and outcome levels off at about 26
sessions.
, - 75% of clients showed improvement at 26 sessions. At 52 sessions, this
increased to only 85%.
Phase Model - ANSWER>>- Howard et al
- Therapy effects in three stages (Remoralization, Remediation, and
Rehabilitation)
Phase Model: Remoralization - ANSWER>>- Client's feelings of hopelessness and
desperation respond quickly to therapy.
- Accomplished during the first few sessions
Phase Model: Remediation - ANSWER>>- Focus in on the presenting symptoms.
- Symptomatic relief requires about 16 sessions.
Phase Model: Rehabilitation - ANSWER>>- Unlearning troublesome, maladaptive,
habitual behaviors and establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of
life.
- Number of sessions depends on the type and the severity.
Efficacy studies - ANSWER>>- Clinical trials
- Most useful for establishing whether or not a treatment has an effect
Effectiveness studies - ANSWER>>- Correlational or quasi experimental
- Best for assessing clinical utility (i.e., for determining a treatment's
generalizability, feasibility, and cost effectiveness).
Research on therapy with diverse populations - ANSWER>>- Improvements in GAS
scores following therapy in order: Hispanic, Anglo, Asian, African American.
Therapist Client Matching - ANSWER>>- Ethnic matching reduced premature
termination rates for Asian, Hispanic, and White but not for African Ameriancs.
- Matching was associated with improved treatment for Hispanics only.
