NSG 2522 Exam 2 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND WELL DETAILLED ANSWERS
Kidney functions - ANSWER>>~Regulate B/P & acid-base balance
~Produce erythropoietin for RBC synthesis
~Convert vitamin D to active form
~**Maintain body fluid volume** (Blood volume too high or too low) & filter
waste products
~Urea: protein waste product /poison
Complex filtration network resorption system comprised of more than 2 million
nephrons.
Parts of the kidney - ANSWER>>~Renal Capsule: Outer layer: provides protection
and support
~Hilum: renal artery and nerve enter kidney; Renal vein & ureter exit
~Renal Cortex: outer tissue layer
~Renal Medulla : Contains the Pyramids
~Pyramids: Assist passage of urine into the renal pelvis & into ureter. (Fan
Shaped- 18/per kidney)
~Papilla: Tip or end of each Pyramid
~Nephrons: Functioning part of kidney
~Renal Pelvis: Narrows to become ureter
nephrons - ANSWER>>~*functional unit of the kidney*: Urine is formed from
blood, consists of a complex network
~Afferent Arteriole
~Glomerulus
~Efferent Arteriole
~Peritubular Capillaries: Supply PCT, Loop of Henle & DCT
,~Proximal Convoluted Tubule
~Loop of Henle
~Descending Loop
~Ascending Loop
~Distal Convoluted Tubule
~Collecting Ducts
~Juxtaglomerular Complex: Specialized cells in Afferent & Efferent arteriole and
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT), concentrate urine during times of decreased fluid
intake, *produces renin - helps to regulate blood flow*
JG cells - ANSWER>>~activated by decreased BP and hypovolemia
glomerular filtration - ANSWER>>~*Initial formation of urine*
~Blood enters Afferent Arteriole into the Glomerulus where the process of
filtration occurs: *H2O, lytes, small particles (creatinine, urea nitrogen, glucose &
small particles are filtered across glomerulus to Bowman's Capsule*
~*Large Particles - RBCs, Albumin, Proteins, WBCs are too large to be filtered*
~*Normal 125 mL/min : 1 to 3 liters is excreted each day as urine*
~Controlled by blood pressure and blood flow
~Controlled by dilation and constricting of the afferent & efferent arterioles
~Dilation of afferent &/or Constriction of efferent= increase in filtration
~Constriction of afferent &/or dilation of efferent= decrease in filtration.
Reabsorption - ANSWER>>~movement of particles back into blood stream from
the renal tubules
Secretion - ANSWER>>~Movement of substances from the blood capillaries and
into the renal tubules
5 nephron principles - ANSWER>>~*Hydrostatic Pressure (water pushing)*:
~force within the fluid compartment
~*Slit Pores*:
,~control the size of the filtered particles - amino acids, glucose, potassium,
chloride, and sodium are filtered whereas large molecules (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets are too large to fit ~*Diffusion*:
~movement of molecules or substances from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration (can occur with no energy as long as the membrane is
permeable to the substances wishing to cross over
~*Osmosis*:
~movement of water from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure
~*Active Transport*L
~movement of particles against a gradient - energy is needed for the process to
occur
Hormones - ANSWER>>~Renin
~Prostaglandins
~Bradykinin
~Erythropoietin
~Activated Vitamin D
TRUE or FALSE: Nycins and NSAIDS are hard on the kidneys? - ANSWER>>TRUE
Renal changes with age - ANSWER>>~Loss of Cortical tissue
~Reduced Renal Blood Flow
~Glomerular and Tubular Linings Thicken
~Glomeruli decrease in Number
~Glomerular Filtration Decreases
~Difficulty concentrating Urine
~Nocturia
~Hypernatremia
~Decrease in Renin, Aldosterone & Vitamin D
~Decreased Muscle Elasticity: Due to a decrease in Estrogen
~Prostate Problems & Decreased Sphincter tone
Renal lab tests - ANSWER>>~Serum Creatinine
, ~Blood Urea Nitrogen
~Urinalysis
~Specific Gravity
~pH
~Glucose
~Ketones
~Protein
~Bilirubin
~RBC
~Casts
~Crystals
~Bacteria
Renal lab test cont. - ANSWER>>~Urine for Culture & Sensitivity
~24 Hour Urine Collection:
~Creatinine Clearance: Best indicator of kidney function
~Urine Electrolytes: Na & Chloride
~Urine Osmolarity: # of lytes, glucose, urea, creatinine, etc. all contribute to
osmolarity~
~Increase: = concentrated urine.
~Decrease: = dilute urine
~Bladder Scanning: Assess bladder's volume
~Urodynamic Studies: Used to assess the process of voiding, tests bladder
capacity, pressure, tone, urethral pressure and urine flow
~Cystometrography: Urethral Pressure Profile
~Urine Stream Testing
~Electromyography
~Renal Biopsy: Tissue sample of the kidney.
Renal imaging - ANSWER>>~Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray: KUB
~Intravenous Urography
~IV Pyelography (*dye= look for Glucophage*)
~CT Scan
AND WELL DETAILLED ANSWERS
Kidney functions - ANSWER>>~Regulate B/P & acid-base balance
~Produce erythropoietin for RBC synthesis
~Convert vitamin D to active form
~**Maintain body fluid volume** (Blood volume too high or too low) & filter
waste products
~Urea: protein waste product /poison
Complex filtration network resorption system comprised of more than 2 million
nephrons.
Parts of the kidney - ANSWER>>~Renal Capsule: Outer layer: provides protection
and support
~Hilum: renal artery and nerve enter kidney; Renal vein & ureter exit
~Renal Cortex: outer tissue layer
~Renal Medulla : Contains the Pyramids
~Pyramids: Assist passage of urine into the renal pelvis & into ureter. (Fan
Shaped- 18/per kidney)
~Papilla: Tip or end of each Pyramid
~Nephrons: Functioning part of kidney
~Renal Pelvis: Narrows to become ureter
nephrons - ANSWER>>~*functional unit of the kidney*: Urine is formed from
blood, consists of a complex network
~Afferent Arteriole
~Glomerulus
~Efferent Arteriole
~Peritubular Capillaries: Supply PCT, Loop of Henle & DCT
,~Proximal Convoluted Tubule
~Loop of Henle
~Descending Loop
~Ascending Loop
~Distal Convoluted Tubule
~Collecting Ducts
~Juxtaglomerular Complex: Specialized cells in Afferent & Efferent arteriole and
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT), concentrate urine during times of decreased fluid
intake, *produces renin - helps to regulate blood flow*
JG cells - ANSWER>>~activated by decreased BP and hypovolemia
glomerular filtration - ANSWER>>~*Initial formation of urine*
~Blood enters Afferent Arteriole into the Glomerulus where the process of
filtration occurs: *H2O, lytes, small particles (creatinine, urea nitrogen, glucose &
small particles are filtered across glomerulus to Bowman's Capsule*
~*Large Particles - RBCs, Albumin, Proteins, WBCs are too large to be filtered*
~*Normal 125 mL/min : 1 to 3 liters is excreted each day as urine*
~Controlled by blood pressure and blood flow
~Controlled by dilation and constricting of the afferent & efferent arterioles
~Dilation of afferent &/or Constriction of efferent= increase in filtration
~Constriction of afferent &/or dilation of efferent= decrease in filtration.
Reabsorption - ANSWER>>~movement of particles back into blood stream from
the renal tubules
Secretion - ANSWER>>~Movement of substances from the blood capillaries and
into the renal tubules
5 nephron principles - ANSWER>>~*Hydrostatic Pressure (water pushing)*:
~force within the fluid compartment
~*Slit Pores*:
,~control the size of the filtered particles - amino acids, glucose, potassium,
chloride, and sodium are filtered whereas large molecules (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets are too large to fit ~*Diffusion*:
~movement of molecules or substances from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration (can occur with no energy as long as the membrane is
permeable to the substances wishing to cross over
~*Osmosis*:
~movement of water from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure
~*Active Transport*L
~movement of particles against a gradient - energy is needed for the process to
occur
Hormones - ANSWER>>~Renin
~Prostaglandins
~Bradykinin
~Erythropoietin
~Activated Vitamin D
TRUE or FALSE: Nycins and NSAIDS are hard on the kidneys? - ANSWER>>TRUE
Renal changes with age - ANSWER>>~Loss of Cortical tissue
~Reduced Renal Blood Flow
~Glomerular and Tubular Linings Thicken
~Glomeruli decrease in Number
~Glomerular Filtration Decreases
~Difficulty concentrating Urine
~Nocturia
~Hypernatremia
~Decrease in Renin, Aldosterone & Vitamin D
~Decreased Muscle Elasticity: Due to a decrease in Estrogen
~Prostate Problems & Decreased Sphincter tone
Renal lab tests - ANSWER>>~Serum Creatinine
, ~Blood Urea Nitrogen
~Urinalysis
~Specific Gravity
~pH
~Glucose
~Ketones
~Protein
~Bilirubin
~RBC
~Casts
~Crystals
~Bacteria
Renal lab test cont. - ANSWER>>~Urine for Culture & Sensitivity
~24 Hour Urine Collection:
~Creatinine Clearance: Best indicator of kidney function
~Urine Electrolytes: Na & Chloride
~Urine Osmolarity: # of lytes, glucose, urea, creatinine, etc. all contribute to
osmolarity~
~Increase: = concentrated urine.
~Decrease: = dilute urine
~Bladder Scanning: Assess bladder's volume
~Urodynamic Studies: Used to assess the process of voiding, tests bladder
capacity, pressure, tone, urethral pressure and urine flow
~Cystometrography: Urethral Pressure Profile
~Urine Stream Testing
~Electromyography
~Renal Biopsy: Tissue sample of the kidney.
Renal imaging - ANSWER>>~Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray: KUB
~Intravenous Urography
~IV Pyelography (*dye= look for Glucophage*)
~CT Scan
