CMY3701 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS EVERYTHING YOU NEED ABOUT
CMY 3701 IS HERE 100% VERIFIED NEW!!
-Ultimate List CMY3701
-CMY3701 Part 1: The rational actor model of crime and criminal behaviour + Theme 1:
The rational actor model
Ultimate List CMY3701
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - ANSWER is a form of social solidarity existing in small,
isolated, pre-industrial societies in which individuals sharing common experiences and
circumstances share values, unquestioned beliefs and strong emotional ties.
MODES OF ADAPTATION - ANSWER is Robert Merton's concept of how people adapt
to the alleged disjunction between cultural goals and the structural barriers that hinder
the attainment of these goals. Methods of attaining cultural goals include conformity,
ritualism, innovation, retreatism and rebellion
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY - ANSWER is a form of social solidarity characteristic of
modern societies, in which there is a high degree of occupational specialisation and a
weak normative consensus
SOCIAL DISORGANISATION - ANSWER is the central concept of the Chicago School of
Social Ecology. The term refers to the breakdown or serious dilution of the power of
informal community rules to regulate conduct in poor neighbourhoods
SOCIAL DISORGANISATION THEORY - ANSWER a branch of social structure theory
developed by Shaw and McKay which centres on the breakdown of institutions such as
the family and the school, coupled with high unemployment in inner-city
neighbourhoods.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY - ANSWER refers to the description provided by the Chicago
School of the interrelationships of human beings and the communities in which they live.
,Social ecology encapsulates the environmental forces that have a direct influence on
human
behaviour
SOCIAL STRUCTURE - ANSWER refers to how society is organised by social institutions
± the family and educational, religious, economic, and political institutions ± and
stratified on the basis of various roles and statuses
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY - ANSWER refers to the view that disadvantaged
economic class position is a primary cause of crime
STRAIN - ANSWER refers to the emotional strain and conflict produced when people
believe they cannot achieve their wants and goals through legitimate means. The lower
class members will be strained because of the inaccessibility of adequate educational
opportunities as well as appropriate social support
STRAIN THEORISTS - ANSWER refers to the criminologists who view crime as an
explicit product of frustration and anger caused in the lower-class
STAIN THEORY - ANSWER is a branch of social structure theory that argues the
pressure that the social structure places on individuals who cannot achieve the cultural
goal of success will lead them to become involved in nonconforming behavior
Durkheim's perspective on crime - ANSWER Durkheim's work was instrumental in the
movement of the analysis of criminality from sources based in the individual to sources
based in sociocultural factors.
Durkheim (Walsh & Hemmens, 2008:111) did two important statements about crime: -
= Crime is a normal phenomenon in any society.
= Crime is therefore functional.
anomie -
x Durkheim used the term "anomie'' to refer to a state of normlessness (absence of
,norms).
x Norms or socially expected behaviour determines how people act, and contravening
these norms poses a threat to social control.
x societies develop and change from a relatively simple and uncomplicated existence
mechanical_ to a more complex setup organic_.
x Societies that are characterised by a collective conscience are an example of
societies characterised by mechanical solidarity.
x societies with high levels of mechanical solidarity are characterised by group
conformity:Laws are established to prevent people from damaging the group's
collective conscience.
x form of social solidarity severely restricts the individual's ability to develop a sense of
personal identity or uniqueness.
x structure of social relationships changes to what Durkheim calls organic solidarity.
Organic solidarity is characteristic of modern societies with high degrees of
occupational specialisation and a diversity of experiences and circumstances. This
diversity weakens common values and social bonds and antisocial behaviour tends to
become more frequent
x In societies organised on the basis of organic solidarity, the aim of legislation is
compensation (restitution).
x one thinks that the idea behind punishment is to penalize the offender for damage
inflicted upon another individual. Alternatively, the punishment is not being carried out
because somehow the group's collective conscience has been hurt.
x This loss of identity perhaps is the beginning of anomie or normlessness: people no
longer know which rules to follow or they do not care about rules. It is not hard to see
that, under these conditions, in such societies, crime may become rampant
x anomie is used to explain how the disintegration of social conditions may lead to a
sense of personal loss and dissolution
Crime as a normal phenomenon - ANSWER = Societies are complex structures made
up of people who often have very diverse values.
= one socially acceptable behaviour may be a breach of the rules or norms of the
greater group.
= For this reason some actions eg drug abuse are described as criminal or illegal by
those who control group norms.
= Durkheim: crime is the result of the creation and application of norms.
, = Crime is therefore a normal phenomenon because, while there are people in every
society who obey the norms and laws, there are always others who disobey them
= believed that crime is both inevitable and necessary. For him, crime is a social fact,
and a stable suicide rate (for example) is just that: a social fact.
= would entail no criminal behavior in fact happened - there must be uniform consensus
by members within that society over norms and values deemed appropriate to society
and social relationships within the broader societal network.
Crime is functional - ANSWER = operates functionally within a society due to its acting
as a mechanism by which Durkheim thought societal transformation would begin,
identifying elements of structure and/or procedures in that structure needing
= crime is functionally useful; it helps to maintain a healthy society. Crime fulfils an
adaptive function and a boundary
maintenance function.
= Adaptive function: The adaptive function of crime is to introduce new ideas into
society, thus preventing society from stagnation.
= Boundary maintenance function: Media reports and conversations between people
lead to the criminal event being inserted into people's lives and this, in turn functions to
reaffirm the boundary between good and bad behaviour. The
collective nature of the responses to the criminal event in fact promotes social
solidarity.
Anomie
Merton's theory of anomie - ANSWER =
Merton developed his theory of anomie in 1938
= to remain faithful to his belief that criminal behaviour was concentrated among the
deprived; Merton had to depart
from Durkheim's definition of anomie (i.e. that anomie applied to society as a whole).
= equated anomie with a lack of equality of opportunity.
= For Merton, social conditions bring uneven pressure to bear on people of different
classes, and people react as individuals to such conditions.
= this pressure will cause some people to commit crime
= people are not bad by nature. People are basically good. When people depart from
norms, we need to examine the social environment.
CMY 3701 IS HERE 100% VERIFIED NEW!!
-Ultimate List CMY3701
-CMY3701 Part 1: The rational actor model of crime and criminal behaviour + Theme 1:
The rational actor model
Ultimate List CMY3701
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - ANSWER is a form of social solidarity existing in small,
isolated, pre-industrial societies in which individuals sharing common experiences and
circumstances share values, unquestioned beliefs and strong emotional ties.
MODES OF ADAPTATION - ANSWER is Robert Merton's concept of how people adapt
to the alleged disjunction between cultural goals and the structural barriers that hinder
the attainment of these goals. Methods of attaining cultural goals include conformity,
ritualism, innovation, retreatism and rebellion
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY - ANSWER is a form of social solidarity characteristic of
modern societies, in which there is a high degree of occupational specialisation and a
weak normative consensus
SOCIAL DISORGANISATION - ANSWER is the central concept of the Chicago School of
Social Ecology. The term refers to the breakdown or serious dilution of the power of
informal community rules to regulate conduct in poor neighbourhoods
SOCIAL DISORGANISATION THEORY - ANSWER a branch of social structure theory
developed by Shaw and McKay which centres on the breakdown of institutions such as
the family and the school, coupled with high unemployment in inner-city
neighbourhoods.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY - ANSWER refers to the description provided by the Chicago
School of the interrelationships of human beings and the communities in which they live.
,Social ecology encapsulates the environmental forces that have a direct influence on
human
behaviour
SOCIAL STRUCTURE - ANSWER refers to how society is organised by social institutions
± the family and educational, religious, economic, and political institutions ± and
stratified on the basis of various roles and statuses
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY - ANSWER refers to the view that disadvantaged
economic class position is a primary cause of crime
STRAIN - ANSWER refers to the emotional strain and conflict produced when people
believe they cannot achieve their wants and goals through legitimate means. The lower
class members will be strained because of the inaccessibility of adequate educational
opportunities as well as appropriate social support
STRAIN THEORISTS - ANSWER refers to the criminologists who view crime as an
explicit product of frustration and anger caused in the lower-class
STAIN THEORY - ANSWER is a branch of social structure theory that argues the
pressure that the social structure places on individuals who cannot achieve the cultural
goal of success will lead them to become involved in nonconforming behavior
Durkheim's perspective on crime - ANSWER Durkheim's work was instrumental in the
movement of the analysis of criminality from sources based in the individual to sources
based in sociocultural factors.
Durkheim (Walsh & Hemmens, 2008:111) did two important statements about crime: -
= Crime is a normal phenomenon in any society.
= Crime is therefore functional.
anomie -
x Durkheim used the term "anomie'' to refer to a state of normlessness (absence of
,norms).
x Norms or socially expected behaviour determines how people act, and contravening
these norms poses a threat to social control.
x societies develop and change from a relatively simple and uncomplicated existence
mechanical_ to a more complex setup organic_.
x Societies that are characterised by a collective conscience are an example of
societies characterised by mechanical solidarity.
x societies with high levels of mechanical solidarity are characterised by group
conformity:Laws are established to prevent people from damaging the group's
collective conscience.
x form of social solidarity severely restricts the individual's ability to develop a sense of
personal identity or uniqueness.
x structure of social relationships changes to what Durkheim calls organic solidarity.
Organic solidarity is characteristic of modern societies with high degrees of
occupational specialisation and a diversity of experiences and circumstances. This
diversity weakens common values and social bonds and antisocial behaviour tends to
become more frequent
x In societies organised on the basis of organic solidarity, the aim of legislation is
compensation (restitution).
x one thinks that the idea behind punishment is to penalize the offender for damage
inflicted upon another individual. Alternatively, the punishment is not being carried out
because somehow the group's collective conscience has been hurt.
x This loss of identity perhaps is the beginning of anomie or normlessness: people no
longer know which rules to follow or they do not care about rules. It is not hard to see
that, under these conditions, in such societies, crime may become rampant
x anomie is used to explain how the disintegration of social conditions may lead to a
sense of personal loss and dissolution
Crime as a normal phenomenon - ANSWER = Societies are complex structures made
up of people who often have very diverse values.
= one socially acceptable behaviour may be a breach of the rules or norms of the
greater group.
= For this reason some actions eg drug abuse are described as criminal or illegal by
those who control group norms.
= Durkheim: crime is the result of the creation and application of norms.
, = Crime is therefore a normal phenomenon because, while there are people in every
society who obey the norms and laws, there are always others who disobey them
= believed that crime is both inevitable and necessary. For him, crime is a social fact,
and a stable suicide rate (for example) is just that: a social fact.
= would entail no criminal behavior in fact happened - there must be uniform consensus
by members within that society over norms and values deemed appropriate to society
and social relationships within the broader societal network.
Crime is functional - ANSWER = operates functionally within a society due to its acting
as a mechanism by which Durkheim thought societal transformation would begin,
identifying elements of structure and/or procedures in that structure needing
= crime is functionally useful; it helps to maintain a healthy society. Crime fulfils an
adaptive function and a boundary
maintenance function.
= Adaptive function: The adaptive function of crime is to introduce new ideas into
society, thus preventing society from stagnation.
= Boundary maintenance function: Media reports and conversations between people
lead to the criminal event being inserted into people's lives and this, in turn functions to
reaffirm the boundary between good and bad behaviour. The
collective nature of the responses to the criminal event in fact promotes social
solidarity.
Anomie
Merton's theory of anomie - ANSWER =
Merton developed his theory of anomie in 1938
= to remain faithful to his belief that criminal behaviour was concentrated among the
deprived; Merton had to depart
from Durkheim's definition of anomie (i.e. that anomie applied to society as a whole).
= equated anomie with a lack of equality of opportunity.
= For Merton, social conditions bring uneven pressure to bear on people of different
classes, and people react as individuals to such conditions.
= this pressure will cause some people to commit crime
= people are not bad by nature. People are basically good. When people depart from
norms, we need to examine the social environment.
