National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Historic Landmarks Program
Civil Rights in America:
Racial Desegregation of
Public Accommodations
A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study
,Cover Photograph: People waiting for a bus at the Greyhound bus terminal, Memphis, Tennessee,
September 1943. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection
[reproduction number: LC-USW3-37974-E].
, CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA:
RACIAL DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS
A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study
Prepared by:
Susan Cianci Salvatore, Project Manager & Preservation Planner,
National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers Consultant
Essays prepared by the Organization of American Historians:
Matt Garcia, Historian
Alton Hornsby, Jr., Historian
Steven Lawson, Historian
Theresa Mah, Historian
Produced by:
The National Historic Landmarks Program
Cultural Resources
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.
2004, Revised 2009
, CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
HISTORIC CONTEXTS
African American
Part One, 1775-1900 ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Part Two, 1900-1941 .................................................................................................................................. 21
Part Three, 1941-1954 ................................................................................................................................ 32
Part Four, 1954-1964 .................................................................................................................................. 43
Hispanic ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
Asian American ....................................................................................................................................... 109
NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS REGISTRATION GUIDELINES ................................... 119
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 126
SURVEY RESULTS
Properties Recognized as Nationally Significant ...................................................................................... 128
National Historic Landmarks Study List ................................................................................................. 130
Properties Removed from Further Study .................................................................................................. 134
Table 1. Properties Recognized as Nationally Significant ....................................................................... 139
Table 2. National Historic Landmarks Study List ................................................................................... 140
Table 3. Properties Removed from Further Study .................................................................................. 141
Areas for Further Research ....................................................................................................................... 143
BIBLIOGRAPHY
African American, Pre World War II........................................................................................................ 144
African American, Post World War II ...................................................................................................... 147
Hispanic .................................................................................................................................................... 154
Asian American ........................................................................................................................................ 157
General ...................................................................................................................................................... 159
APPENDICES
A. Chronological List of Selected Local/National Movements ............................................................... 160
B. Chronology of the May 1961 Freedom Ride: Alabama & Mississippi ............................................... 164
C. Civil Rights Acts, Interstate Commerce Commission Rulings, & U.S. Supreme Court Rulings ....... 166
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Historic Landmarks Program
Civil Rights in America:
Racial Desegregation of
Public Accommodations
A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study
,Cover Photograph: People waiting for a bus at the Greyhound bus terminal, Memphis, Tennessee,
September 1943. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection
[reproduction number: LC-USW3-37974-E].
, CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA:
RACIAL DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS
A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study
Prepared by:
Susan Cianci Salvatore, Project Manager & Preservation Planner,
National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers Consultant
Essays prepared by the Organization of American Historians:
Matt Garcia, Historian
Alton Hornsby, Jr., Historian
Steven Lawson, Historian
Theresa Mah, Historian
Produced by:
The National Historic Landmarks Program
Cultural Resources
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.
2004, Revised 2009
, CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
HISTORIC CONTEXTS
African American
Part One, 1775-1900 ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Part Two, 1900-1941 .................................................................................................................................. 21
Part Three, 1941-1954 ................................................................................................................................ 32
Part Four, 1954-1964 .................................................................................................................................. 43
Hispanic ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
Asian American ....................................................................................................................................... 109
NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS REGISTRATION GUIDELINES ................................... 119
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 126
SURVEY RESULTS
Properties Recognized as Nationally Significant ...................................................................................... 128
National Historic Landmarks Study List ................................................................................................. 130
Properties Removed from Further Study .................................................................................................. 134
Table 1. Properties Recognized as Nationally Significant ....................................................................... 139
Table 2. National Historic Landmarks Study List ................................................................................... 140
Table 3. Properties Removed from Further Study .................................................................................. 141
Areas for Further Research ....................................................................................................................... 143
BIBLIOGRAPHY
African American, Pre World War II........................................................................................................ 144
African American, Post World War II ...................................................................................................... 147
Hispanic .................................................................................................................................................... 154
Asian American ........................................................................................................................................ 157
General ...................................................................................................................................................... 159
APPENDICES
A. Chronological List of Selected Local/National Movements ............................................................... 160
B. Chronology of the May 1961 Freedom Ride: Alabama & Mississippi ............................................... 164
C. Civil Rights Acts, Interstate Commerce Commission Rulings, & U.S. Supreme Court Rulings ....... 166
