NCSA review (Questions and Answers) fully analysed (100% sure)

Acute adaptation - Referred to as "responses" to exercise and are changes that occur within the body during and shortly after an exercise bout Chronic adaptation - Changes in the body that occur after repeated training bouts and that persist long after a training session is over Overload - When the neuromuscular system experiences a training stress that it is not accustomed to experiencing Motor unit recruitment - Refers to the process in which tasks that require more force involve the activation of more motor units Ex. An individual performing a 225 pound bench press would need to turn on more motor units than would be required to perform a 135 pound bench Rate coding - Refers to control of motor unit firing rate (number of action potentials per unit of time). Within certain limits, the faster the firing rate, the more force is produced. Ex. A motor unit that was activated at a rate of 20 times per second during the 50-pound bench press may be firing at 30 times per second during the 100-pound bench press Size principle - In general, motor units that stimulate slow-twitch motor units stimulate fewer fibers than motor units that stimulate fast-twitch fibers. So, smaller motor units are recruited at lower force levels and larger motor units are recruited at higher force levels Phosphagen system - The primary source of ATP for short term, high-intensity activities Glycolysis - The breakdown of carbohydrates (either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood) to produce ATP Protein/peptide hormones - Insulin, growth hormone Steroid hormones - Derived from a common precursor (cholesterol) and include hormones such as testosterone (the primary sex hormone) and estrogen (the primary female sex hormone) Anabolic hormones - Testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin; tend to stimulate growth process in tissues Catabolic hormones - cortisol: function to use tissue degradation to help maintain homeostasis of variables such as blood sugar Co-contraction/co-activation - The simultaneous activation of an agonist and an antagonist during a motor task Ex. During a seated knee extension exercise, the quadriceps are the agonists (prime movers) while the hamstrings serve as the antagonists Hypertrophy - an increase in muscle size within the cross-sectional area of both Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers. Type 2 fibers show a greater degree of hypertrophy than Type I Osteoporosis - The consequence of long-term net demineralization of bone Anaerobic - Resistance training primarily stresses ______ metabolism Starting in the 30s - When do both muscle quality and mass appear to decline progressively with time? Sarcopenia - Muscle loss due to aging Overtraining - A condition in which an individual trains too much- either from too much intensity or too much volume- resulting in "staleness" and general fatigue. The overtraining condition does not enhance strength and power levels in a client but decreased performance Detraining - Refers to the physiological and performance adaptations that occur when an individual ceases an exercise training program.These changes are the exact opposite of what occurs during training programs. Muscle tissue loses mass, thus the muscle becomes weaker and less powerful The heart and vasculature - The cardiovascular system consists of what two components? They increase, as does cardiac output - What happens to the heart rate and stroke volume during exercise, and what effect do they have on cardiac output. Sympathetic Nervous system - A part of the nervous system that, when stimulated, speeds up various systems of the body Parasympathetic Nervous system - A part of the nervous system that, when stimulated, slows down various systems of the body Changes in preload, changes in afterload, changes in myocardial contractility - Stroke volume increases for what three reasons Changes in preload - Occurs because of an increase of blood flow back to the heart. There is also a stretching of the walls of the heart, which affects the Frank-Starling mechanism Frank-Sterling mechanism - A stretch placed on the walls of the heart results in a greater contractile force. A greater contractile force allows greater volumes of blood be pushed from the heart with each beat Change in afterload - Can contribute to a decrease in total peripheral resistance. As aerobic exercise intensity increases from a resting state to a maximal exercise, there is a reduction in peripheral resistance due to the vasodilation that occurs in an effort to supply working skeletal muscle with blood Myocardial contractibility - Responds to exercise in a positive manner and increases stroke volume. Because of the venous return to the heart (increasing filling), the Frank-Starling mechanism causes the contractibility of the heart to increase Lactic threshold - The point at which the body switches from the use of fat as the predominant fuel source to the use of carbohydrates. Also the point at which the body switches from the use of aerobic energy processes to rely more on anaerobic energy sources Sympathoadrenal response - More of a reaction from both the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla than from just the adrenal medulla alone Wolff's law - States that bone, which adapts according to the applied stresses, will be laid down where needed Myoglobin - The oxygen-carrying molecules in the muscle