Fundamentals of Nursing (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ) Version 2 (fully analysed)

origination of the word "nurse" - answer-from the latin word "nutrix" meaning to nourish Interrelated roles of nurses - answer-communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator coping with disability and death - answer-nurses use optimal function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care, hospice The Nursing Process - answer--one of major guidelines for nursing practice -helps nurses implement their roles -integrates art and science of nursing -allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning -defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing Nurse Practice Acts - answer--define legal scope of nursing practice -create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation -define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs - established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses 5 vital signs - answer-respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and pain Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria - answer--well defined body specific and unique knowledge -strong service orientation -recognized authority by a professional group (ANA) -code of ethics -professional organization that sets standards -ongoing research -autonomy and self-regulation Florence Nightingale - answer-defined nursing as both an art and science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing Clara Barton - answer-established red cross; volunteered to care for wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war; served as supervisor of nurses for the army of James sources of knowledge - answer--traditional ( passed down from generation to generation) -authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's perceived expertise -scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research) objective - answer-you can see the object subjective - answer-coming from that subject types of knowledge - answer--science (observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that are perceived in world) -philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop and construct on perception on life) -process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result) goals of nursing research - answer--improve care in clinical setting -study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics, nursing history -develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession -provide evidence-based nursing practice deductive reasoning - answer-examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas inductive reasoning - answer-one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas health - answer-a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity illness - answer-the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning wellness - answer-an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health nursing theory - answer-differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices evidence-based practice (EBP) - answer-a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for the care of patients steps in implementing EBP - answer-Step 1: ask a question about a clinical area of interest or an intervention Step 2: collect the most relevant and best evidence Step 3: Critically appraise the evidence Step 4: integrate the evidence w/ clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in making a decision to change Step 5: evaluate the practice decision or change human dimensions that compose the whole person - answer-physical, intellectual, environmental, spiritual, sociocultural, and emotional acute illness - answer-rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a short time; examples: cold, diarrhea, pneumonia, appendicitis chronic illness - answer-slow onset, characteristics: permanent change, caused by change in anatomy, requires special patient education, long period of care or support; examples: heart disease, diabetes, lung diseases, and arthritis stages-of-illness behaviors - answer-Stage 1: experiencing symptoms Stage 2: assuming the sick role Stage 3: assuming a dependent role Stage 4: achieving recovery and rehabilitation primary health promotion - answer-directed towards PROMOTING health and PREVENTING the development of disease processes or injury; example: immunization clinic, family planning services, accident prevention education secondary health promotion - answer-focus on SCREENING for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found; example: assessing children for normal growth and development and encourage regular medical, dental and vision exams tertiary health promotion - answer-after an illness is diagnosed and treated; example: teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, refer woman to support group after removal of breast due to cancer maslow hierarchy of needs - answer-provides a framework for nursing assessment and for understanding the needs of patients at all levels; many nursing interventions are aimed at meeting patients' basic human needs Maslows level 1: physiologic needs - answer-oxygen, food, water, sex, rest, physical activity; physiologic needs are highest priority Maslows level 2: safety and security needs - answer-both physical and emotional components; being protected from potential or actual harm Maslows level 3: love and belonging needs - answer-often called higher-level needs; understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love; feeling of belonging; unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation Maslows level 4: self-esteem needs - answer-need for a person to feel good about oneself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those accomplishments; positive self-esteem facilitates the person's confidence and independence Maslows level 5: Self-Actualization - answer-acceptance of self and others as they are; each lower level must be met; focus of interest on problems outside oneself; respect for all people; focus on strengths and possibilities vs problems autonomy - answer-respect rights of patients to make health care decisions nonmaleficence - answer-avoid causing harm