1. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
2. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Influenza virus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Adenovirus
D. Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A. Vesicular rash
B. Koplik spots
C. Strawberry tongue
D. Target lesions
Answer: B) Koplik spots
Rationale: Koplik spots are small, white lesions on the buccal
mucosa, pathognomonic for measles, preceding the rash.
4. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
, for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
5. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A. Asthma
B. Epiglottitis
C. Croup
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: C) Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, presents with a
barking cough and stridor due to inflammation of the upper airway.
6. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
7. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine like"
murmur?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C. Tetralogy of Fallot
D. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
8. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
2. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Influenza virus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Adenovirus
D. Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A. Vesicular rash
B. Koplik spots
C. Strawberry tongue
D. Target lesions
Answer: B) Koplik spots
Rationale: Koplik spots are small, white lesions on the buccal
mucosa, pathognomonic for measles, preceding the rash.
4. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
, for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
5. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A. Asthma
B. Epiglottitis
C. Croup
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: C) Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, presents with a
barking cough and stridor due to inflammation of the upper airway.
6. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
7. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine like"
murmur?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C. Tetralogy of Fallot
D. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
8. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
