1. Which vitamin deficiency is associated with rickets in
children?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K
Answer: C. Vitamin D
Rationale: Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, characterized by
defective mineralization of bone and growth plate abnormalities.
2. Which childhood tumor often presents with opsoclonus myoclonus
syndrome?
A. Neuroblastoma
B. Wilms tumor
C. Retinoblastoma
D. Medulloblastoma
Answer: A. Neuroblastoma
Rationale: Neuroblastoma may present with opsoclonus-myoclonus
syndrome, a rare paraneoplastic manifestation.
3. A child presents with joint pain, purpura, and abdominal
pain. What is the likely diagnosis?
A. Kawasaki disease
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Answer: C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Rationale: HSP is a small-vessel vasculitis causing palpable purpura,
arthritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
4. A child presents with pallor, irritability, and pica. What is
the most likely cause?
A. Lead poisoning
B. Iron deficiency anemia
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Thalassemia
Answer: B. Iron deficiency anemia
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is common in children and often
presents with pallor, irritability, and pica (craving for non-food
items).
5. A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough and stridor. What is the most
, likely diagnosis?
A. Bronchiolitis
B. Croup
C. Asthma
D. Epiglottitis
Answer: B. Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, is characterized by
A. barking cough and inspiratory stridor due to inflammation of the
upper airway.
6. What is the primary cause of otitis media in children?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Answer: B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Rationale: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of otitis
media, along with Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella
catarrhalis.
7. Which of the following is NOT a feature of nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Proteinuria
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Hypertension
D. Edema
Answer: C. Hypertension
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily characterized by
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, with normal or low blood
pressure.
8. A child presents with petechiae, thrombocytopenia, and
recent viral illness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Hemophilia A
D. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Answer: B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Rationale: ITP often follows a viral illness and is characterized by
low platelets and petechiae without systemic symptoms.
9. What is the most common cause of acute bronchiolitis in
infants?
A. Influenza virus
children?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K
Answer: C. Vitamin D
Rationale: Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, characterized by
defective mineralization of bone and growth plate abnormalities.
2. Which childhood tumor often presents with opsoclonus myoclonus
syndrome?
A. Neuroblastoma
B. Wilms tumor
C. Retinoblastoma
D. Medulloblastoma
Answer: A. Neuroblastoma
Rationale: Neuroblastoma may present with opsoclonus-myoclonus
syndrome, a rare paraneoplastic manifestation.
3. A child presents with joint pain, purpura, and abdominal
pain. What is the likely diagnosis?
A. Kawasaki disease
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Answer: C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Rationale: HSP is a small-vessel vasculitis causing palpable purpura,
arthritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
4. A child presents with pallor, irritability, and pica. What is
the most likely cause?
A. Lead poisoning
B. Iron deficiency anemia
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Thalassemia
Answer: B. Iron deficiency anemia
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is common in children and often
presents with pallor, irritability, and pica (craving for non-food
items).
5. A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough and stridor. What is the most
, likely diagnosis?
A. Bronchiolitis
B. Croup
C. Asthma
D. Epiglottitis
Answer: B. Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, is characterized by
A. barking cough and inspiratory stridor due to inflammation of the
upper airway.
6. What is the primary cause of otitis media in children?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Answer: B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Rationale: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of otitis
media, along with Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella
catarrhalis.
7. Which of the following is NOT a feature of nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Proteinuria
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Hypertension
D. Edema
Answer: C. Hypertension
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily characterized by
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, with normal or low blood
pressure.
8. A child presents with petechiae, thrombocytopenia, and
recent viral illness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Hemophilia A
D. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Answer: B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Rationale: ITP often follows a viral illness and is characterized by
low platelets and petechiae without systemic symptoms.
9. What is the most common cause of acute bronchiolitis in
infants?
A. Influenza virus
