1. What is the hallmark finding in Reye syndrome?
A. Encephalopathy and liver failure
B. Hyperglycemia and polyuria
C. Seizures and cyanosis
D. Splenomegaly and anemia
Answer: A. Encephalopathy and liver failure
Rationale: Reye syndrome is associated with encephalopathy and
liver dysfunction, often linked to aspirin use in children with viral
illnesses.
2. A child presents with joint pain, purpura, and abdominal
pain. What is the likely diagnosis?
A. Kawasaki disease
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Answer: C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Rationale: HSP is a small-vessel vasculitis causing palpable purpura,
arthritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. What is the recommended first-line treatment for Kawasaki
disease?
A. Antibiotics
B. Corticosteroids
C. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
D. Antihistamines
Answer: C. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
Rationale: IVIG and aspirin reduce the risk of coronary artery
aneurysms and help control inflammation in Kawasaki disease.
4. Which of the following is the most common type of
childhood leukemia?
A. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
C. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
D. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Answer: B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
, Rationale: ALL is the most common leukemia in children,
accounting for approximately 75% of pediatric leukemia cases.
5. A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough and stridor. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Bronchiolitis
B. Croup
C. Asthma
D. Epiglottitis
Answer: B. Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, is characterized by
A. barking cough and inspiratory stridor due to inflammation of the
upper airway.
6. A 5-year-old has a painless limp and limited hip motion.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Developmental dysplasia of the hip
B. Transient synovitis
C. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
D. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Answer: C. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Rationale: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease involves avascular necrosis
of the femoral head, causing a painless limp and restricted hip
movement.
7. Which condition is associated with a "steeple sign" on a
neck X-ray?
A. Croup
B. Epiglottitis
C. Retropharyngeal abscess
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: A. Croup
Rationale: The "steeple sign" is a narrowing of the subglottic region
seen on X-ray in croup.
8. The Apgar score assesses all the following except:
A. Heart rate
B. Muscle tone
C. Blood pressure
A. Encephalopathy and liver failure
B. Hyperglycemia and polyuria
C. Seizures and cyanosis
D. Splenomegaly and anemia
Answer: A. Encephalopathy and liver failure
Rationale: Reye syndrome is associated with encephalopathy and
liver dysfunction, often linked to aspirin use in children with viral
illnesses.
2. A child presents with joint pain, purpura, and abdominal
pain. What is the likely diagnosis?
A. Kawasaki disease
B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Answer: C. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Rationale: HSP is a small-vessel vasculitis causing palpable purpura,
arthritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. What is the recommended first-line treatment for Kawasaki
disease?
A. Antibiotics
B. Corticosteroids
C. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
D. Antihistamines
Answer: C. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
Rationale: IVIG and aspirin reduce the risk of coronary artery
aneurysms and help control inflammation in Kawasaki disease.
4. Which of the following is the most common type of
childhood leukemia?
A. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
C. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
D. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Answer: B. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
, Rationale: ALL is the most common leukemia in children,
accounting for approximately 75% of pediatric leukemia cases.
5. A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough and stridor. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Bronchiolitis
B. Croup
C. Asthma
D. Epiglottitis
Answer: B. Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, is characterized by
A. barking cough and inspiratory stridor due to inflammation of the
upper airway.
6. A 5-year-old has a painless limp and limited hip motion.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Developmental dysplasia of the hip
B. Transient synovitis
C. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
D. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Answer: C. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Rationale: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease involves avascular necrosis
of the femoral head, causing a painless limp and restricted hip
movement.
7. Which condition is associated with a "steeple sign" on a
neck X-ray?
A. Croup
B. Epiglottitis
C. Retropharyngeal abscess
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: A. Croup
Rationale: The "steeple sign" is a narrowing of the subglottic region
seen on X-ray in croup.
8. The Apgar score assesses all the following except:
A. Heart rate
B. Muscle tone
C. Blood pressure
