BIO 669 QUIZ 4 | 150 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS | 2025|26 | GRADED A+

1. What is the circulation of the right heart?: pulmonary circulation-blood through
lungs
2. what is the circulation of the left heart?: systemic circulation- blood through
body
3. what are the three layers in the pericardium?: epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
4. What is the epicardium?: outer layer of the heart
5. What is the myocardium?: cardiac muscle
6. What is the endocardium?: inner lining of the heart
7. what are the four chambers of the heart?: right atrium, right ventricle, left
atrium, left ventricle
8. What are the atrioventricular valves?: tricuspid and bicuspid valves
9. What valves have chordae tendinae?: tricuspid and bicuspid (Mitral valve)
10. what valves are open for ventricular diastole or relaxation?: the atrioventric-
ular valves -tricuspid and bicuspid valves
11. what does ventricular diastole allow?: allows blood to flow from the atria into
the ventricles
12. what valves are open for ventricular systole?: the semilunar valves- pul-
monary and aortic
13. what causes ventricular systole?: the increased pressure of the ventricles
exceeds the pressure in the atria , blood tried to go back into the atria and this
closes the atrioventricular valves to close, the closing of the atrioventricular valves
increases the pressure of the ventricle even more, exceeding the pressure of the
major arteries and forces the semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow from the
ventricles to the major arteries.
14. What are the semilunar valves?: pulmonary and aortic
15. what valves are on the left side of the heart?: mitral valve and aortic semilunar
valve
16. what valves are on the right side of the heart?: Tricuspid valve and the
pulmonic semilunar valve
17. What are the great vessels?: Superior and inferior vena cava; Right and left
pulmonary arteries; Pulmonary veins; Aorta


,18. what are the phases of the cardiac cycle?: -diastole: ventricular filling= pres-
sure of atrial exceeds the pressure of the ventricle= AV opens to fill the ventricle
then close (S1) as the ventricular pressure starts to exceed the atrial.
-Systole: isovolumetric contraction=volume stays the same but contraction is occur-
ring=pressure is cont. to rise.
-Systole: ventricular ejection= pressure of ventricles exceeds the pressure of the






, aorta= AV opens and blood is ejected out of the ventricle and throughout the
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body= pressure of ventricle below the pressure of the artery= Semilunar
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close (S2)
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-Diastole: isovolumetric relaxation= pressure drops but volume stays the same
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19. What are myocardial cells?: nearly identical to skeletal muscle
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cells but are important for cardiac function
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20. What is preload?: amount of venous blood returning to the right
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atrium= in- creased pressure= the more force of fill in the ventricle
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how much blood is in the ventricle at the end of relaxation (diastole)
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21. What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?: Basically, the more
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blood re- turned to the heart (the more EDV), the more blood will be
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ejected with each beat, this is based on the relationship of the stretch of
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the sarcomeres and the ability of actin and myosin to form cross-bridges.
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increase in preload= increase of ventricular filling= increase of blood pumped
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out.
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22. What is afterload?: force that is needed for the ventricles to
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overcome the pressure on the other side of the semilunar valves
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(arteries).
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23. What is stroke volume?: the amount of blood able to be forced out.
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24. what does myocardial contractility increase based on?: increased
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preload= increased stroke volume
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25. What do inotropic agents do?: increase contractility= increase stroke
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volume (more blood out)
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26. What is cardiac output?: volume of blood flowing through the
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systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute
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stroke volume and the HR
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27. What is ejection fraction?: stroke volume (amount of blood able to be
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forced out) /end diastolic volume (amount of blood able to fill ventricle)
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28. What are coronary arteries?: left and right coronary arteries
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29. What are the components of the right coronary artery?: conous,
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right mar- ginal, posterior descending
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30. what are the components of the left coronary artery?: left anterior
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descend- ing, circumflex artery
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31. what are collateral arteries?: Connections (or anastomoses)
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between 2 branches of the same or the opposite coronary artery.
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allows for blockages to occur and still have sufficient blood
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3 mn/
25