EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA
Pulmonar Disease - Answer *classified into 2 broad categories
-restrictive vs obstructive
- infectious vs non-infectious
Restrictive disorders - Answer *unable to breath air in
* these ppl have low lung volumes on PFTs
*lung volumes are the amount of air the lungs contain at a given time during
ventilation.
*Examples= aspirations, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, bronchiectasis,
bronchitis, and pulmonar edema
Obstructive disorders - Answer *unable to exhale the air that has been inhaled
* have high volumes on PFTs
* Examples= asthma and COPD
Infectious Disorders - Answer * Pneumonia and TB
Non-infectious pulmonary disorder - Answer pulmonar fibosis, lung cancer,
and pulmonary hypertension
Acute Respiratory Failure - Answer * 2 main types= hypoxemia and
hypercapnia
* may result from direct injury
* may be triggered by an injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or
organs
* may occur post-operatively secondary to anesthesia or narcotics
* in either case the main dysfunction is an impairment in diffusion which
result in low oxygen levels or retained CO2
* most pulmonary diseases can cause respiratory failure as can brain or
spinal cord injuries
Hypoxemia respiratory failure - Answer * PaO2 less than or equal to 50mmHg
* from inadequate diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries
* disorder examples= pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolus, and pneumonia
Hypercapnic respiratory failure - Answer * PaCO2 greater than or equal to
50mmHg
* from inadequate alveolar ventilation
* cause= depression of respiratory function from meds, abnormal spinal cord,
disorders of the medulla, disease of neuromuscular junction, chest wall
injury, COPD, and obstruction or large airways.
Pneumothorax - Answer * presence of air or gas in the pleural space
, * air may press against the lungs and cause the lung to collapse
* 2 main types= spontaneous and secondary
* clinical manifestations= sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, dyspnea,
decreased breath sounds, and HYPPEROSANCE TO PERCUSSION
Spontaneous pneumothorax - Answer * occurs in males 20-40 years of age
that are tall and thin
* may occur in bleb ruptures in ppl with emphysema
* smoking increases the risk
* bleb ruptures may be at rest or exercise and in the apexes
* may be a genetic component or family history
Secondary pneumothorax - Answer * caused by trauma
* tension pneumothorax occurs when air becomes trapped and can't escape
* site of injury acts as a one way valve only letting air in
* pt may experiene a complete lung collapse
* signs are a deviated trachea, shortness of breath, and hypotension
Pulmonary Edema - Answer * accumulation of water in the pulmonary alveolar
sacs
* prevents proper exchange of gas
* leads to dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxia
* may have orthopnea or paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea
* pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by left sided heart failure
* LSHF the blood backs up into the lungs and increases the capillary
hydrostatic pressure, this pushes fluid into the alveolar sacs
* other causes are ARDS, inhalation of toxic gases, increased pulmonary
venous pressure, and damaged alveolar capillaries
* ARDS and toxic gases lead to capillary injury and leads to movement of
fluid into the alveolar space
post-obstructive pulmonary edema or re-expansion pulmonary edema -
Answer * occurs afer relieving airway obstruction
*patho- inspiration against an occluded airway creates creates excessive
intrathoracic negative pressure, this creates increased venous return to the
right side of the heart and a decreased outflow of blood from the left side of
the heart, this creates increased pulmonary blood volume and pressure, thus
causing pulmonary edema
*CM= dyspnea, pulmonary rales, DULLNESS TO PERCUSSION, s3 heart sound,
and frothy sputum
Acute lung injury/ ARDS - Answer * respiratory failure from massive lung
inflammation and disseinated alveolar capillary damage
* impairs gas exchange and causes problems with oxygenation
* pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspirations, DIC, and
pancreatitis increase the risk
* ARDS is most severe lung injury- characterized by bilateral lung
infiltrates on an CXRAY
Pulmonar Disease - Answer *classified into 2 broad categories
-restrictive vs obstructive
- infectious vs non-infectious
Restrictive disorders - Answer *unable to breath air in
* these ppl have low lung volumes on PFTs
*lung volumes are the amount of air the lungs contain at a given time during
ventilation.
*Examples= aspirations, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, bronchiectasis,
bronchitis, and pulmonar edema
Obstructive disorders - Answer *unable to exhale the air that has been inhaled
* have high volumes on PFTs
* Examples= asthma and COPD
Infectious Disorders - Answer * Pneumonia and TB
Non-infectious pulmonary disorder - Answer pulmonar fibosis, lung cancer,
and pulmonary hypertension
Acute Respiratory Failure - Answer * 2 main types= hypoxemia and
hypercapnia
* may result from direct injury
* may be triggered by an injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or
organs
* may occur post-operatively secondary to anesthesia or narcotics
* in either case the main dysfunction is an impairment in diffusion which
result in low oxygen levels or retained CO2
* most pulmonary diseases can cause respiratory failure as can brain or
spinal cord injuries
Hypoxemia respiratory failure - Answer * PaO2 less than or equal to 50mmHg
* from inadequate diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries
* disorder examples= pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolus, and pneumonia
Hypercapnic respiratory failure - Answer * PaCO2 greater than or equal to
50mmHg
* from inadequate alveolar ventilation
* cause= depression of respiratory function from meds, abnormal spinal cord,
disorders of the medulla, disease of neuromuscular junction, chest wall
injury, COPD, and obstruction or large airways.
Pneumothorax - Answer * presence of air or gas in the pleural space
, * air may press against the lungs and cause the lung to collapse
* 2 main types= spontaneous and secondary
* clinical manifestations= sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, dyspnea,
decreased breath sounds, and HYPPEROSANCE TO PERCUSSION
Spontaneous pneumothorax - Answer * occurs in males 20-40 years of age
that are tall and thin
* may occur in bleb ruptures in ppl with emphysema
* smoking increases the risk
* bleb ruptures may be at rest or exercise and in the apexes
* may be a genetic component or family history
Secondary pneumothorax - Answer * caused by trauma
* tension pneumothorax occurs when air becomes trapped and can't escape
* site of injury acts as a one way valve only letting air in
* pt may experiene a complete lung collapse
* signs are a deviated trachea, shortness of breath, and hypotension
Pulmonary Edema - Answer * accumulation of water in the pulmonary alveolar
sacs
* prevents proper exchange of gas
* leads to dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxia
* may have orthopnea or paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea
* pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by left sided heart failure
* LSHF the blood backs up into the lungs and increases the capillary
hydrostatic pressure, this pushes fluid into the alveolar sacs
* other causes are ARDS, inhalation of toxic gases, increased pulmonary
venous pressure, and damaged alveolar capillaries
* ARDS and toxic gases lead to capillary injury and leads to movement of
fluid into the alveolar space
post-obstructive pulmonary edema or re-expansion pulmonary edema -
Answer * occurs afer relieving airway obstruction
*patho- inspiration against an occluded airway creates creates excessive
intrathoracic negative pressure, this creates increased venous return to the
right side of the heart and a decreased outflow of blood from the left side of
the heart, this creates increased pulmonary blood volume and pressure, thus
causing pulmonary edema
*CM= dyspnea, pulmonary rales, DULLNESS TO PERCUSSION, s3 heart sound,
and frothy sputum
Acute lung injury/ ARDS - Answer * respiratory failure from massive lung
inflammation and disseinated alveolar capillary damage
* impairs gas exchange and causes problems with oxygenation
* pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspirations, DIC, and
pancreatitis increase the risk
* ARDS is most severe lung injury- characterized by bilateral lung
infiltrates on an CXRAY
