PEL TEST STUDY GUIDE WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cognitive Approach - ANSWER--language development results from cognitive
maturation & environmental experiences
-cognitive maturation occurs sequentially & directly influences language development
Linguistic Approach - ANSWER-language development is governed by universal,
underlying grammatical rules that are common to all typically developing humans
Behavior Approach - ANSWER--language development like any other behavior can be
observed
-a child imitates the language of its parents or caregivers & successful attempts are
rewarded
Social Interactionist Approach - ANSWER-language exists for the purpose of
communication and can only be learned in the context of interaction
Pre-Phonetic Stage - ANSWER-emerging knowledge of the alphabet but have not
developed knowledge of sound-symbol correspondence
Semi-Phonetic Stage - ANSWER--begins to understand letter-sound correspondence
-rudimentary logic, using single letters to represent words, sounds, & syllables
Phonetic Stage - ANSWER-uses a letter or group of letters to represent every speech
sound they hear
Transitional Stage - ANSWER-moving from dependence on phonology for representing
words to reliance on visual representation & an understanding of the structure of the
words
Correct Stage - ANSWER-knows English orthographic system & its basic rules
Cochlea - ANSWER-part of the inner ear, fluid-filled structure with hair cells that convert
movement into chemical-electrical signals, which are transmitted to the brain by the
auditory nerve
Cochlear Implants - ANSWER-digital signal-processing devices that convert sounds into
digital signals that are transmitted to electrodes in the inner ear
, -the electrodes deliver electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve, sending signals to the
brain that are interpreted as sounds
FM/DM Systems - ANSWER-reduce the adverse impact of poor room acoustics by
providing the student with continuous access to the teacher's voice, in addition to
amplifying the signal over background classroom noise
Auditory Nerve - ANSWER-connects ears to brain
Tympanic Membrane - ANSWER-sound transmission and amplification
(vibrates as it encounters sound)
Stapes, Malleus & Incus - ANSWER-connect tympanic membrane to the inner ear
allowing for the transmission of sound waves
Vocal Intensity - ANSWER--when subglottal air pressure is increased, loudness
increases proportionally
-directly related to vocal fold excursion & overall air displacement
Vocal Fold Vibratory Cycles Per Second - ANSWER-Pitch
Angular Gyrus - ANSWER-allows individuals to associate words with auditory, visual &
sensory information
-involved in semantic processing
Supramarginal Gyrus - ANSWER--involved in phonological processing of words
-analyze & manipulate sound structure of words
Working memory - ANSWER-storage & processing of information
Long-term Memory - ANSWER-takes information from short-term memory & stores it to
create long-lasting memories
Short-term Memory - ANSWER-holding pieces of information for a relatively short
period of time
Phonological Memory - ANSWER-ability to hold onto speech-based information for a
short period of time (ex: non-word rep)
Phonics knowledge - ANSWER-relationship between letters & sounds
Phonemic Awarness - ANSWER-ability to identify & manipulate individual sounds in
spoken words & is a subset of phonological awareness
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cognitive Approach - ANSWER--language development results from cognitive
maturation & environmental experiences
-cognitive maturation occurs sequentially & directly influences language development
Linguistic Approach - ANSWER-language development is governed by universal,
underlying grammatical rules that are common to all typically developing humans
Behavior Approach - ANSWER--language development like any other behavior can be
observed
-a child imitates the language of its parents or caregivers & successful attempts are
rewarded
Social Interactionist Approach - ANSWER-language exists for the purpose of
communication and can only be learned in the context of interaction
Pre-Phonetic Stage - ANSWER-emerging knowledge of the alphabet but have not
developed knowledge of sound-symbol correspondence
Semi-Phonetic Stage - ANSWER--begins to understand letter-sound correspondence
-rudimentary logic, using single letters to represent words, sounds, & syllables
Phonetic Stage - ANSWER-uses a letter or group of letters to represent every speech
sound they hear
Transitional Stage - ANSWER-moving from dependence on phonology for representing
words to reliance on visual representation & an understanding of the structure of the
words
Correct Stage - ANSWER-knows English orthographic system & its basic rules
Cochlea - ANSWER-part of the inner ear, fluid-filled structure with hair cells that convert
movement into chemical-electrical signals, which are transmitted to the brain by the
auditory nerve
Cochlear Implants - ANSWER-digital signal-processing devices that convert sounds into
digital signals that are transmitted to electrodes in the inner ear
, -the electrodes deliver electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve, sending signals to the
brain that are interpreted as sounds
FM/DM Systems - ANSWER-reduce the adverse impact of poor room acoustics by
providing the student with continuous access to the teacher's voice, in addition to
amplifying the signal over background classroom noise
Auditory Nerve - ANSWER-connects ears to brain
Tympanic Membrane - ANSWER-sound transmission and amplification
(vibrates as it encounters sound)
Stapes, Malleus & Incus - ANSWER-connect tympanic membrane to the inner ear
allowing for the transmission of sound waves
Vocal Intensity - ANSWER--when subglottal air pressure is increased, loudness
increases proportionally
-directly related to vocal fold excursion & overall air displacement
Vocal Fold Vibratory Cycles Per Second - ANSWER-Pitch
Angular Gyrus - ANSWER-allows individuals to associate words with auditory, visual &
sensory information
-involved in semantic processing
Supramarginal Gyrus - ANSWER--involved in phonological processing of words
-analyze & manipulate sound structure of words
Working memory - ANSWER-storage & processing of information
Long-term Memory - ANSWER-takes information from short-term memory & stores it to
create long-lasting memories
Short-term Memory - ANSWER-holding pieces of information for a relatively short
period of time
Phonological Memory - ANSWER-ability to hold onto speech-based information for a
short period of time (ex: non-word rep)
Phonics knowledge - ANSWER-relationship between letters & sounds
Phonemic Awarness - ANSWER-ability to identify & manipulate individual sounds in
spoken words & is a subset of phonological awareness
