Ventricular Septal Defect- Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2025 (Graded A+)
Concept of perfusion - Answers Refers to the passage of oxygenated cap blood through body tissues.
Adequate perfusion depends on normal functioning of both respiratory and cardiac systems
When approximately is the fetal heart rate present? - Answers On about post conceptual day 17.
The 4 chambers of the heart and arteries are formed during... - Answers Gestational weeks 2 thru 8
How big is the fetal heart once it's completely formed? - Answers The size of a cherry tomato
During fetal development, oxygenation of the fetus occurs via? - Answers The placental the lungs though
perfumed do not perform oxygenation and ventilation
Foramen ovale is - Answers An opening between the atria allows blood flow from the right to the left
atrium
The ductus arteriosus allows - Answers Blood flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta,
shunting blood away from the pulmonary circulation.
Which 2 disorders are associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow? - Answers Tetralogy of Fallot
and tricuspid atresia
Which disorders are associated with increased pulmonary blood flow? - Answers Patent ductus
arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Obstruction disorders include - Answers Coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and pulmonary
stenosis
What're some mixed disorders of the circ system? - Answers Transposition of the great vessels (TGV),
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), truncus arteriosus, and hypoplastic left heart
syndrome
These are the screening recommendations for newborns? (The state decides if its implemented) -
Answers In newborns at 24 hr of age a pulse ox is taken on both the right hand and a foot. There should
be a >95% reading with <3% difference between both. This is a neg screening. If a positive reading
repeat, if <90% immediate eval required. True positives will need an echo and exclusion of infectious or
pulmonary issues
S/S of a cardiac disorder such as VSD? - Answers Cyanosis, edema, clubbing, fever, retractions,
prominence of the precordial chest wall (can see heart beat at the xiphoid process), periph pulses are
much stronger (+2 is normal but would feel +3 and +4 may be able to visualize the pulse), stronger b/c of
resistance, abdominal distention
What will you hear upon auscultation in an infant with VSD? - Answers A murmur
, What is a murmur? - Answers Blood flowing through a narrow pathway, regurg. Of blood, and increased
blood flow thru normal structures
How is a murmur categorized? - Answers Graded= 1-6 (1 soft normal thru 6 loud could hear across the
room)
Description= musical, vibratory, harsh, blowing
Location= A= Aortic valve
P=Pulmonic valve
T= Tricuspid valve
M= Mitral valve (apex)
E= Erb's point
Where will you best hear a VSD murmur? - Answers At the tricuspid valve post or the Left Lower Sternal
Border (LLSB)
When are murmurs considered pathologic? - Answers If associated with cyanosis, RDS( respir. Distress
syndrome), abnormal pulses, perfusion and shock
HPI info? - Answers When the symptoms started and how they progressed, any treatments and meds
used at home, history of orthopnea, dyspnea, easy fatigability, growth delays, squatting, edema,
dizziness, frequent pneumonia, also if poor feeding, fatigue, lethargy, vomiting, failure to thrive,
diaphoresis, delays in motor development, cyanosis, and tachypnea
When does a congenital heart defect start manifesting? - Answers In utero
A lot of the time children that have had a cardiac defect also may have - Answers A chromosomal
abnormality
Some important past health history to note would be? - Answers Prob occurring after birth, freq
infections, chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders, use of meds such as corticosteroids
A lot of time if a baby is premature what happens to their ductus arteriosus? - Answers It stays open for
an extended period of time, to the point where we have to go in and surgically close it
What is the most common congenital cardiac defects and what is the physiology? - Answers Ventricular
Septal Defect. This occurs when the muscular wall (septum) sep the R and L ventricles does not fully
form, creating a hole between the vents
Why is VSD a bad thing? - Answers This hole allows oxygenated blood to leak from the left vent to the
right vent instead of flowing into the aorta and into the body. It can also lead to HF, pulm. HTN,
endocarditis, dysrhythmias, and delayed growth
Concept of perfusion - Answers Refers to the passage of oxygenated cap blood through body tissues.
Adequate perfusion depends on normal functioning of both respiratory and cardiac systems
When approximately is the fetal heart rate present? - Answers On about post conceptual day 17.
The 4 chambers of the heart and arteries are formed during... - Answers Gestational weeks 2 thru 8
How big is the fetal heart once it's completely formed? - Answers The size of a cherry tomato
During fetal development, oxygenation of the fetus occurs via? - Answers The placental the lungs though
perfumed do not perform oxygenation and ventilation
Foramen ovale is - Answers An opening between the atria allows blood flow from the right to the left
atrium
The ductus arteriosus allows - Answers Blood flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta,
shunting blood away from the pulmonary circulation.
Which 2 disorders are associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow? - Answers Tetralogy of Fallot
and tricuspid atresia
Which disorders are associated with increased pulmonary blood flow? - Answers Patent ductus
arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Obstruction disorders include - Answers Coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and pulmonary
stenosis
What're some mixed disorders of the circ system? - Answers Transposition of the great vessels (TGV),
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), truncus arteriosus, and hypoplastic left heart
syndrome
These are the screening recommendations for newborns? (The state decides if its implemented) -
Answers In newborns at 24 hr of age a pulse ox is taken on both the right hand and a foot. There should
be a >95% reading with <3% difference between both. This is a neg screening. If a positive reading
repeat, if <90% immediate eval required. True positives will need an echo and exclusion of infectious or
pulmonary issues
S/S of a cardiac disorder such as VSD? - Answers Cyanosis, edema, clubbing, fever, retractions,
prominence of the precordial chest wall (can see heart beat at the xiphoid process), periph pulses are
much stronger (+2 is normal but would feel +3 and +4 may be able to visualize the pulse), stronger b/c of
resistance, abdominal distention
What will you hear upon auscultation in an infant with VSD? - Answers A murmur
, What is a murmur? - Answers Blood flowing through a narrow pathway, regurg. Of blood, and increased
blood flow thru normal structures
How is a murmur categorized? - Answers Graded= 1-6 (1 soft normal thru 6 loud could hear across the
room)
Description= musical, vibratory, harsh, blowing
Location= A= Aortic valve
P=Pulmonic valve
T= Tricuspid valve
M= Mitral valve (apex)
E= Erb's point
Where will you best hear a VSD murmur? - Answers At the tricuspid valve post or the Left Lower Sternal
Border (LLSB)
When are murmurs considered pathologic? - Answers If associated with cyanosis, RDS( respir. Distress
syndrome), abnormal pulses, perfusion and shock
HPI info? - Answers When the symptoms started and how they progressed, any treatments and meds
used at home, history of orthopnea, dyspnea, easy fatigability, growth delays, squatting, edema,
dizziness, frequent pneumonia, also if poor feeding, fatigue, lethargy, vomiting, failure to thrive,
diaphoresis, delays in motor development, cyanosis, and tachypnea
When does a congenital heart defect start manifesting? - Answers In utero
A lot of the time children that have had a cardiac defect also may have - Answers A chromosomal
abnormality
Some important past health history to note would be? - Answers Prob occurring after birth, freq
infections, chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders, use of meds such as corticosteroids
A lot of time if a baby is premature what happens to their ductus arteriosus? - Answers It stays open for
an extended period of time, to the point where we have to go in and surgically close it
What is the most common congenital cardiac defects and what is the physiology? - Answers Ventricular
Septal Defect. This occurs when the muscular wall (septum) sep the R and L ventricles does not fully
form, creating a hole between the vents
Why is VSD a bad thing? - Answers This hole allows oxygenated blood to leak from the left vent to the
right vent instead of flowing into the aorta and into the body. It can also lead to HF, pulm. HTN,
endocarditis, dysrhythmias, and delayed growth
