NUR612 exam 5 (Latest Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Nucleation in kidney stone formation - ANSWER-initial formation of microscopic crystals, which can
serve as foundation for further stone growth
Inhibitors of kidney stone formation - ANSWER-substances like magnesium and citrate in urine can
inhibit crystal formation, helping to prevent kidney stones by reducing crystallization potential
How does urine flow protect against UTIs? - ANSWER-the continuous flushing of the urinary tract helps
to prevent bacteria from adhering and proliferating
How does the mucin layer protect against UTI's? - ANSWER-a protective mucosal lining in the bladder
that prevents bacteria from attaching to the bladder wall
How does the local immune response protect against UTI's - ANSWER-secretary IgA in the urinary tract
provides an immune defense against pathogens
Factors making children more prone to UTI's - ANSWER-shorter urethra, vesicoureteral reflex, and an
immature immune system
Factors predisposing sexually active women to UTI's - ANSWER-increased urethral contamination from
sexual activity, shorter urethra
Factors predisposing pregnant women to UTI's - ANSWER-hormonal changes and physical compression
of the bladder and ureters
Factors predisposing older adults to UTI's - ANSWER-Decreased immune function, urinary retention, and
use of indwelling catheters
Diagnosis of UTI's - ANSWER-urinalysis (for bacteria, leukocyte esterase, nitrites), urine culture, and
sometimes imaging studies if structural abnormalities are suspected
,Treatment of UTI's - ANSWER-typically involves antibiotics, with choice and duration dependent on the
severity and type of UTI. For recurrent infections, preventative measures may be discussed
Antibody-mediated injury mechanisms in glomerular disorders - ANSWER-antibodies directly attack
glomerular structures or form immune complexes that deposit in the glomerulus
Cell-mediated injury mechanisms in glomerular disorders - ANSWER-involves activation of T-cells and
other immune cells that initiate inflammation and damage glomerular cells
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Proliferation - ANSWER-Increase in the number of
cells within the glomerulus, often due to inflammation
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Sclerosis - ANSWER-Hardening or scarring of the
glomerular tissue, effecting filtration
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Membranous - ANSWER-Thickening of the
glomerular basement membrane
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Focal - ANSWER-changes affecting only some
glomeruli
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Segmental - ANSWER-affecting only parts of each
glomerulus
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Mesangial - ANSWER-Involving the mesangial cells
or matrix within the glomerulus
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER-characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and often
reduced kidney function
Rapidly progressive glomeruloneprhitis - ANSWER-rapid decline in kidney function, often associated with
crescents in Bowman's space
, Neprhotic syndrome - ANSWER-High levels of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, often with
hyperlipidemia
Asymptomatic glomerular disorders - ANSWER-subclinical proteinuria or hematuria without overt
symptoms
Chronic glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-slow, progressive deterioration of glomerular function leading to
chronic kidney disease
Proximal renal tubular acidosis (Type II) - ANSWER-Defective bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal
tubule, leading to acidic urine and low bicarbonate levels
Distal renal tubular acidosis (Type I) - ANSWER-Defective hydrogen ion secretion in the distal tubule,
causing an inability to acidify urine, leading to metabolic acidosis and higher blood pH
Pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER-infection (often bacteria) ascends from the lower
urinary tract, causing inflammation, fever, and flank pain
Pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis - ANSWER-Recurrent infections lead to progressive scarring and
atrophy of renal tissue, potentially resulting in chronic kidney disease
Wilms tumor age of onset - ANSWER-primarily effects children under 5
Wilms tumor oncogenic origin - ANSWER-associated with mutations in the WT1 gene, which is involved
in kidney and gonadal development
Wilms tumor manifestations - ANSWER-abdominal mass, hypertension, hematuria, and sometimes pain
Wilms tumor treatment - ANSWER-surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation; prognosis is
generally good if detected early
Renal cell carcinoma risk factors - ANSWER-smoking, obesity, hypertension, and certain genetic factors
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Nucleation in kidney stone formation - ANSWER-initial formation of microscopic crystals, which can
serve as foundation for further stone growth
Inhibitors of kidney stone formation - ANSWER-substances like magnesium and citrate in urine can
inhibit crystal formation, helping to prevent kidney stones by reducing crystallization potential
How does urine flow protect against UTIs? - ANSWER-the continuous flushing of the urinary tract helps
to prevent bacteria from adhering and proliferating
How does the mucin layer protect against UTI's? - ANSWER-a protective mucosal lining in the bladder
that prevents bacteria from attaching to the bladder wall
How does the local immune response protect against UTI's - ANSWER-secretary IgA in the urinary tract
provides an immune defense against pathogens
Factors making children more prone to UTI's - ANSWER-shorter urethra, vesicoureteral reflex, and an
immature immune system
Factors predisposing sexually active women to UTI's - ANSWER-increased urethral contamination from
sexual activity, shorter urethra
Factors predisposing pregnant women to UTI's - ANSWER-hormonal changes and physical compression
of the bladder and ureters
Factors predisposing older adults to UTI's - ANSWER-Decreased immune function, urinary retention, and
use of indwelling catheters
Diagnosis of UTI's - ANSWER-urinalysis (for bacteria, leukocyte esterase, nitrites), urine culture, and
sometimes imaging studies if structural abnormalities are suspected
,Treatment of UTI's - ANSWER-typically involves antibiotics, with choice and duration dependent on the
severity and type of UTI. For recurrent infections, preventative measures may be discussed
Antibody-mediated injury mechanisms in glomerular disorders - ANSWER-antibodies directly attack
glomerular structures or form immune complexes that deposit in the glomerulus
Cell-mediated injury mechanisms in glomerular disorders - ANSWER-involves activation of T-cells and
other immune cells that initiate inflammation and damage glomerular cells
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Proliferation - ANSWER-Increase in the number of
cells within the glomerulus, often due to inflammation
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Sclerosis - ANSWER-Hardening or scarring of the
glomerular tissue, effecting filtration
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Membranous - ANSWER-Thickening of the
glomerular basement membrane
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Focal - ANSWER-changes affecting only some
glomeruli
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Segmental - ANSWER-affecting only parts of each
glomerulus
Glomerular structural changes in glomerulonephritis: Mesangial - ANSWER-Involving the mesangial cells
or matrix within the glomerulus
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER-characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and often
reduced kidney function
Rapidly progressive glomeruloneprhitis - ANSWER-rapid decline in kidney function, often associated with
crescents in Bowman's space
, Neprhotic syndrome - ANSWER-High levels of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, often with
hyperlipidemia
Asymptomatic glomerular disorders - ANSWER-subclinical proteinuria or hematuria without overt
symptoms
Chronic glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-slow, progressive deterioration of glomerular function leading to
chronic kidney disease
Proximal renal tubular acidosis (Type II) - ANSWER-Defective bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal
tubule, leading to acidic urine and low bicarbonate levels
Distal renal tubular acidosis (Type I) - ANSWER-Defective hydrogen ion secretion in the distal tubule,
causing an inability to acidify urine, leading to metabolic acidosis and higher blood pH
Pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER-infection (often bacteria) ascends from the lower
urinary tract, causing inflammation, fever, and flank pain
Pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis - ANSWER-Recurrent infections lead to progressive scarring and
atrophy of renal tissue, potentially resulting in chronic kidney disease
Wilms tumor age of onset - ANSWER-primarily effects children under 5
Wilms tumor oncogenic origin - ANSWER-associated with mutations in the WT1 gene, which is involved
in kidney and gonadal development
Wilms tumor manifestations - ANSWER-abdominal mass, hypertension, hematuria, and sometimes pain
Wilms tumor treatment - ANSWER-surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation; prognosis is
generally good if detected early
Renal cell carcinoma risk factors - ANSWER-smoking, obesity, hypertension, and certain genetic factors
