Cal Poly BIO 123 Midterm 1 Questions & Answers

Cal Poly BIO 123 Midterm 1 Questions & Answers Bacterial Diversity 1. Size Varies 2. Shape Varies 3. Motility Varies (how they move) How do Bacteria get new genes 1. From dead bacteria 2. From viruses 3. From other living bacteria Conjugation Transfer of DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium via a direct connection. *Note: Not sex because it isn't 2 parents who are producing an offspring. Alexander Fleming Founded Penicillin through a lab experiment gone wrong. Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 1. Chance mutation occurs. 2. Antibiotics kill most bacteria without mutation. 3. Mutant bacteria reproduce. 4. Antibiotics are ineffective against mutant cells. Bacteria vs. Virus Bacteria- living organism Virus- cannot reproduce on its own. To survive, plants need... 1. Sunlight 2. Air 3. Water Runners Plant asexual reproduction process where parts of the plant branch off to produce other plants. Corms Plant asexual reproduction process where a small bulb or corm forms underneath a plant, and after some time, can grow independently of its parent. Plantlets a tiny version of a plant that is still attached to its parent plant. Perfect Flower Has both male and female parts. Basic parts of a perfect flower Receptacle: -top of stem Sepal: -green covers on top of buds that move to side when flower opens. -protection of flower bud. Petals: -Colorful Stamen: -Male parts of a flower -includes Filament (shaft to Anther) -includes Anther (creates pollen) Carpel: -female parts of a flower -includes stigma (sticky mouth of female part) -includes style (shaft above ovary) -includes ovary (produces eggs) Types of imperfect flowers 1. Monoecious 2. Dioecious Monoecious Male flowers and female flowers all in the same plant. Example: Corn Dioecious Plants which have either male flowers or female flowers. Example. Cannabis Fruit -Part of a plant that contains seeds. -Develops from ovary of plant. -Has Pericarp (sweet part), which attracts animals to eat it. How does pollen move through the environment? a. Animals b. Wind c. Water Challenges of Reproduction 1. Finding a Mate. 2. Sexual Conflict. 3. Getting Rid of other guys' sperm. 4. Performance. Sperm Casting when you ejaculate into the water hoping it finds a female. Spermatophore -A bundle of packaged sperm. -Can propel itself. -not a living organism. 1. Ejected by male squid. 2.If it finds a female squid, cement body hooks into her tissue and the sperm mass is released. Argonaut a type of animal that can detach its penis to find a female Why there is sexual conflict -Sperm is cheap and easy to produce (men produce sperm continuously after the start of puberty) -eggs are expensive because females are only born with a certain amount Ways in which males compete -Mating plugs (stay plugged in female for hours after intercourse to ensure no one else can mate with her). -Bean weavil penis (has brushes which remove competitor's sperm and help it to latch on) -Traumatic Insemination Traumatic Insemination -males compete fiercly for genital opening and females are forced to mate. -some species bypass actual sex and insert their sperm directly into bloodstream or ovary. -A free-for-all -Cost for females: Shorter lifespan due to much mating. Challenging Female Genitalia Spotted Hyenias: - Females have higher levels of testosterone -blocking testosterone during pregnancy does not stop the growth of a pseudopenis. - females have pseudopenis that mimics male's penis (they give birth through this). - Up to 10% of females and 60% of cubs die during 1st birth. Baculum -Penis Bone -Allows quick, multiple erections Hemipenis -Multiple penises for extra sperm transfer. -One used at a time. Example: Rattlesnake. Benefits of Penis Spines -scrub out sperm -stimulate ovulation -stimulate fast ejaculation Females Produce a single big, nutrient-rich egg Males Produce many, moving, nutrient-poor sperm. Hermaphodite Organisms with both penis and vagina (male and female parts). Oviparity Egg laying -some reptiles -most amphibians -most invertebrates -all birds -most fish -2 mammal species Viviparity Live birth -all but 2 mammals -some snakes -elephants -some sharks -some amphibians Spawning -The release of egg and sperm in the water. -Sexual method for marine oviparous invertebrates. Brooding -Carrying egg sack until it hatches -Sexual method for marine oviparous invertebrates. Amniotic Egg -Key in transition from water to land. -Has amniotic sac (where embryo grows) Parts: -shell -membrane -embryo -yolk sac (nutrients) Amniotes -Birds -Reptiles -Mammals Cowper's Gland Produces Pre-ejaculate Pre-ejaculate -a lubricating fluid -lubricates penis for intercourse -alkaline to neutralize acid left behind from urine Testis -Produce sperm and testosterone -does not produce semen. Vas Deferens Tube that sperm travels in from testis to urethra. Prostate Gland Contributes nutrients to semen. Seminal Vesicles -Where majority of semen is produced -Contribute additional nutrients to sperm. Semen Composition -Over 100 million sperm cells per human male ejaculate. -Nutrient for sperm (Fructose) -Alkaline fluid neutralizes vagina and urethra. Parts of Human Sperm Head: -contains nucleus, DNA, and 23 Chromosomes Acrosome: -Contains enzymes to help dig into egg. Tail: -Helps sperm swim. -extremely long. Mitochondrion: -"Battery" -uses sugar for energy Ovary -Connected by oviduct to uterus. -Produces Eggs -Produces Estrogen -Produces Progesterone Labia -Lips -Protect Vagina Parts of Vagina Bladder: attached to urethra Uterus: behind bladder Anus: behind both uterus and bladder Oviduct -Muscular tube in vagina -Where eggs travel from ovaries to uterus -where fertilization occurs Vagina -birth canal -intercourse -very stretchy Cervix -entryway for sperm -exit for birth -at bottom of uterus -pain felt by female depends on force of sex. Human egg -visible to naked eye. -releases chemicals to attract sperm cells.