CBIS Exam Prep
lost productivity -
one measure of the cost to society due to injury or disease; includes the loss of
wages a person would have earned if they had not become unemployable due to disability,
loss of taxes contributing to economy, costs to the government of supporting the individual,
etc.; lost productivity costs DO NOT include cost of treatment and support post-injury or
illness
acquired brain injury (ABI) -
An injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced
by birth trauma
traumatic brain injury (TBI) -
an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an
external force
traumatic impact -
injuries resulting from contact (when head is struck by or against an object)
traumatic intertial injuries -
injury to the brain not caused by impact but as a result of inertial forces, such as
acceleration-deceleration forces
closed injuries -
injury to the brain resulting in brain lacerations, contusions or intracerebral
hemorrhage
open injuries -
injury to the head in which there is a breach of the skull or a breach of the
meninges
penetrating brain injury -
any injury that involves the penetration of a foreign object, munitions, fragment,
bone chip, etc. through the dura mater
non-traumatic brain injury -
damage to the brain caused by internal factors, such as oxygen or nutrient
deprivation to brain cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a tumor or blockage, or other
neurological disorder
coup-contrecoup injury -
Coup injury: head injury that results from impact of a moving object--occurs at
the site of impact
Contrecoup effect: impact injury resulting from the moving head striking a stationary object--
injury occurs at the side of the head opposite the point of impact
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,primary injury -
initial cause of damage to the brain, from which injury severity ratings are
obtained
secondary injury -
pathophysiological events that occur following the initial primary injury to the
brain
loss of consciousness (LOC) -
temporary altered state, unlike sleep, when a person is unresponsive to stimuli;
usually due to trauma, stroke, or other injury
risk factors for brain injury -
injury severity
age at injury
alcohol misuse
domestic violence
service in the military
participation in sports
history of prior brain injury
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) -
a condition, diagnosed after death, relative to multiple concussions caused by
significant force. A progressive degenerative disease, CTE is most often sustained by athletes
participating in contact sports; may also be observed in domestic violence victims or abused
children who have sustained numerous blows to the head
neurogenic bladder -
a secondary condition caused when a TBI affects the cerebral structures
controlling bladder storage and emptying functions
spasticity -
involuntary, abnormal motor patterns; may interfere with a person's general
functioning, self-care, and mobility
activities of daily living (ADLs) -
dressing, eating, showering, toileting, walking
post-traumatic immune paralysis -
acute period after sustaining significant bodily trauma, when the immune
response is significantly impaired; frequently associated with the high prevalence of
potentially life-threatening infections post-injury
computed tomography (CT) -
a cross-sectional series of X-rays used to view body organs, allowing medical
professionals to view the scans in multiple individual layers; some scans can be reconstructed
into a 3D image
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -
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, a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images
of the organs and tissues within the body
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) -
an MRI method that maps the diffusion of molecules, primarily water, in a
person's body non-invasively
acceleration-deceleration forces -
sudden impact following a high velocity of speed, frequently resulting in brain
injury
intracranial pressure (ICP) -
Pressure inside the skull from the brain and CSF. Pressure may vary due to
production and absorption of CSF following injury.
subdural hematoma (SDH) -
bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid layers of the
meninges
hydrocephalus -
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
diffuse axonal injury (DAI) -
brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts are stretched and broken,
resulting in extensive, widespread damage
hypoxia/anoxia -
decrease in/absence of oxygen getting to the brain; results in cell death
major descending nerve tracts -
-anterior corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract
-rubrospinal tract
-tectospinal tract
major ascending nerve tracts -
-fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
-Lissauer's tract
-anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
-spinothalamic tracts
-spinoreticular tract
-spinotectal tract
neuroprotection -
preservation of neuronal functioning and structure; reducing the rate of neuronal
loss over time; refers to the ability of a drug or biological agent to prevent brain cells from
dying
neuroplasticity -
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lost productivity -
one measure of the cost to society due to injury or disease; includes the loss of
wages a person would have earned if they had not become unemployable due to disability,
loss of taxes contributing to economy, costs to the government of supporting the individual,
etc.; lost productivity costs DO NOT include cost of treatment and support post-injury or
illness
acquired brain injury (ABI) -
An injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced
by birth trauma
traumatic brain injury (TBI) -
an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an
external force
traumatic impact -
injuries resulting from contact (when head is struck by or against an object)
traumatic intertial injuries -
injury to the brain not caused by impact but as a result of inertial forces, such as
acceleration-deceleration forces
closed injuries -
injury to the brain resulting in brain lacerations, contusions or intracerebral
hemorrhage
open injuries -
injury to the head in which there is a breach of the skull or a breach of the
meninges
penetrating brain injury -
any injury that involves the penetration of a foreign object, munitions, fragment,
bone chip, etc. through the dura mater
non-traumatic brain injury -
damage to the brain caused by internal factors, such as oxygen or nutrient
deprivation to brain cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a tumor or blockage, or other
neurological disorder
coup-contrecoup injury -
Coup injury: head injury that results from impact of a moving object--occurs at
the site of impact
Contrecoup effect: impact injury resulting from the moving head striking a stationary object--
injury occurs at the side of the head opposite the point of impact
1|Page
,primary injury -
initial cause of damage to the brain, from which injury severity ratings are
obtained
secondary injury -
pathophysiological events that occur following the initial primary injury to the
brain
loss of consciousness (LOC) -
temporary altered state, unlike sleep, when a person is unresponsive to stimuli;
usually due to trauma, stroke, or other injury
risk factors for brain injury -
injury severity
age at injury
alcohol misuse
domestic violence
service in the military
participation in sports
history of prior brain injury
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) -
a condition, diagnosed after death, relative to multiple concussions caused by
significant force. A progressive degenerative disease, CTE is most often sustained by athletes
participating in contact sports; may also be observed in domestic violence victims or abused
children who have sustained numerous blows to the head
neurogenic bladder -
a secondary condition caused when a TBI affects the cerebral structures
controlling bladder storage and emptying functions
spasticity -
involuntary, abnormal motor patterns; may interfere with a person's general
functioning, self-care, and mobility
activities of daily living (ADLs) -
dressing, eating, showering, toileting, walking
post-traumatic immune paralysis -
acute period after sustaining significant bodily trauma, when the immune
response is significantly impaired; frequently associated with the high prevalence of
potentially life-threatening infections post-injury
computed tomography (CT) -
a cross-sectional series of X-rays used to view body organs, allowing medical
professionals to view the scans in multiple individual layers; some scans can be reconstructed
into a 3D image
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -
2|Page
, a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images
of the organs and tissues within the body
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) -
an MRI method that maps the diffusion of molecules, primarily water, in a
person's body non-invasively
acceleration-deceleration forces -
sudden impact following a high velocity of speed, frequently resulting in brain
injury
intracranial pressure (ICP) -
Pressure inside the skull from the brain and CSF. Pressure may vary due to
production and absorption of CSF following injury.
subdural hematoma (SDH) -
bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid layers of the
meninges
hydrocephalus -
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
diffuse axonal injury (DAI) -
brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts are stretched and broken,
resulting in extensive, widespread damage
hypoxia/anoxia -
decrease in/absence of oxygen getting to the brain; results in cell death
major descending nerve tracts -
-anterior corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract
-rubrospinal tract
-tectospinal tract
major ascending nerve tracts -
-fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
-Lissauer's tract
-anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
-spinothalamic tracts
-spinoreticular tract
-spinotectal tract
neuroprotection -
preservation of neuronal functioning and structure; reducing the rate of neuronal
loss over time; refers to the ability of a drug or biological agent to prevent brain cells from
dying
neuroplasticity -
3|Page
