CBIS Exam
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) -
injury that occurs after birth and includes injuries caused by external physical
forces and those caused by internal insults to the brain
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) -
Alternation to brain function caused by external forces
What are the 4 types of acquired brain injury? -
1. traumatic impact- open
2. traumatic impact- closed
3. traumatic inertial - DAI
4. non-traumatic injuries
coup-countercoup injury -
with a blow to the head, the initial contusion/ laceration will occur beneath point
of impact (coup) and then occur on the contralateral to the site of initial impact (countercoup)
Why is brain injury called the "silent epidemic"? -
Many deficits caused by brain injury can be invisible (not immediately apparent)
What are primary injuries? -
the INITIAL damage to the brain as a result of a traumatic event
examples:
-laceration
-contusion
-torn blood vessels
-acceleration/deceleration (coup/contracoup)
-foreign object penetration
What are common secondary injuries? -
1. hydrocephalus
2. edema
3. hypoxia intracranial hemorrhages
Mild LOC may last how long? -
brief of no LOC
Moderate LOC may last how long? -
LOC up to 24 hours
Severe LOC may last how long? -
LOC greater than 24 hours
List 5 risk factors for brain injury -
1. Age (15-19, 20-24, 65+)
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,2. alcohol use
3. military action
4. domestic violence
5. prisons
6. sport-injury
Age Groups with Highest Rates of Brain Injury due to Falls -
(0-4 years old) 50% of all TBIs
(65+ years old) 61% of all TBIs
Age Group with Highest Rate of Death from TBI -
Adults 75+ years old
Highest Rates of Death from TBI (all causes) -
Adults 75+ years old
Highest Rates of Death from TBI (Firearms) -
Adults 20-24 years old and Adults 75+ years old
Percentage of Children with TBI from Physical Abuse -
67% (0-3 years old)
Highest Rate of TBI from MVAs -
Adults 20-24 years old
Highest Rates of TBI Deaths from MVAs -
Teenagers 16-19 years old
Is the progression along the continuum of care linear? -
No, due to risk factors, comorbidities, medical complications, treatment options,
funding, etc.
Who establishes standards for rehabilitation facilities? -
Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
Olmstead Decision -
Requires states to administer services, programs, and activities, in the most
integrated setting appropriate to the needs of individuals with disabilities.
- increased opportunities for federal and state initiatives that make community living more
accessible
What agency funds the TBI Model Systems? -
US Dept of Health and Human Services
Why is TBIMS data important? -
increases understanding of recovery and outcomes of TBI via longitudinal studies
What is meant by disease-causative and disease- alternative? -
Brain injuries due not maintain a static state. TBI can both cause disease or
accelerate disease down the road. Chronic progressive conditions.
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, These 4 conditions cause individuals with brain injury to be at an increased risk of death (4
reasons) -
1. seizures
2. pneumonia
3. respiratory problems
4. circulatory problems
Name 2 neurological conditions associated with brain injury -
1. epilepsy
2. Alzheimer's - CTE
Name 3 neuro-endocrine disorders associated with brain injury -
1. Growth Hormone insufficiency
2. Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function)
3. Gonadotropin deficiency
P-A-D (meninges) -
1. pia mater
2. arachnoid
3. dura mater
What are the 3 parts of a neuron? -
1. cell body
2. axon
3. dendrites
What is the function of the blood brain barrier? -
Ensures that harmful substances can not pass through the membrane and harm the
brain
Synaptic cleft -
Area for which neurotransmitter can cross from cell to cell when action potentials
are triggered
Medulla -
Controls involuntary functions (HR, BP, swallow)
Injury to this area can threaten life immediately
Pons -
Enables thinking part of brain to work with the movement part of the brain
Consequences of injury can cause loss of ability to coordinate/ control body movements
Midbrain -
seeing and hearing functions, alertness and arousal
Consequences of injury to this area can cause damage BP, sleep/wake cycle, breathing
function - can lead to DOC injury
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Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) -
injury that occurs after birth and includes injuries caused by external physical
forces and those caused by internal insults to the brain
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) -
Alternation to brain function caused by external forces
What are the 4 types of acquired brain injury? -
1. traumatic impact- open
2. traumatic impact- closed
3. traumatic inertial - DAI
4. non-traumatic injuries
coup-countercoup injury -
with a blow to the head, the initial contusion/ laceration will occur beneath point
of impact (coup) and then occur on the contralateral to the site of initial impact (countercoup)
Why is brain injury called the "silent epidemic"? -
Many deficits caused by brain injury can be invisible (not immediately apparent)
What are primary injuries? -
the INITIAL damage to the brain as a result of a traumatic event
examples:
-laceration
-contusion
-torn blood vessels
-acceleration/deceleration (coup/contracoup)
-foreign object penetration
What are common secondary injuries? -
1. hydrocephalus
2. edema
3. hypoxia intracranial hemorrhages
Mild LOC may last how long? -
brief of no LOC
Moderate LOC may last how long? -
LOC up to 24 hours
Severe LOC may last how long? -
LOC greater than 24 hours
List 5 risk factors for brain injury -
1. Age (15-19, 20-24, 65+)
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,2. alcohol use
3. military action
4. domestic violence
5. prisons
6. sport-injury
Age Groups with Highest Rates of Brain Injury due to Falls -
(0-4 years old) 50% of all TBIs
(65+ years old) 61% of all TBIs
Age Group with Highest Rate of Death from TBI -
Adults 75+ years old
Highest Rates of Death from TBI (all causes) -
Adults 75+ years old
Highest Rates of Death from TBI (Firearms) -
Adults 20-24 years old and Adults 75+ years old
Percentage of Children with TBI from Physical Abuse -
67% (0-3 years old)
Highest Rate of TBI from MVAs -
Adults 20-24 years old
Highest Rates of TBI Deaths from MVAs -
Teenagers 16-19 years old
Is the progression along the continuum of care linear? -
No, due to risk factors, comorbidities, medical complications, treatment options,
funding, etc.
Who establishes standards for rehabilitation facilities? -
Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
Olmstead Decision -
Requires states to administer services, programs, and activities, in the most
integrated setting appropriate to the needs of individuals with disabilities.
- increased opportunities for federal and state initiatives that make community living more
accessible
What agency funds the TBI Model Systems? -
US Dept of Health and Human Services
Why is TBIMS data important? -
increases understanding of recovery and outcomes of TBI via longitudinal studies
What is meant by disease-causative and disease- alternative? -
Brain injuries due not maintain a static state. TBI can both cause disease or
accelerate disease down the road. Chronic progressive conditions.
2|Page
, These 4 conditions cause individuals with brain injury to be at an increased risk of death (4
reasons) -
1. seizures
2. pneumonia
3. respiratory problems
4. circulatory problems
Name 2 neurological conditions associated with brain injury -
1. epilepsy
2. Alzheimer's - CTE
Name 3 neuro-endocrine disorders associated with brain injury -
1. Growth Hormone insufficiency
2. Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function)
3. Gonadotropin deficiency
P-A-D (meninges) -
1. pia mater
2. arachnoid
3. dura mater
What are the 3 parts of a neuron? -
1. cell body
2. axon
3. dendrites
What is the function of the blood brain barrier? -
Ensures that harmful substances can not pass through the membrane and harm the
brain
Synaptic cleft -
Area for which neurotransmitter can cross from cell to cell when action potentials
are triggered
Medulla -
Controls involuntary functions (HR, BP, swallow)
Injury to this area can threaten life immediately
Pons -
Enables thinking part of brain to work with the movement part of the brain
Consequences of injury can cause loss of ability to coordinate/ control body movements
Midbrain -
seeing and hearing functions, alertness and arousal
Consequences of injury to this area can cause damage BP, sleep/wake cycle, breathing
function - can lead to DOC injury
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