ANSWERS .
The,patient,is,exhibiting,a,productive,cough,and,a,low-grade,fever.,Chest,X-
ray,on,PA,view,shows,a,left,lower,chest,area,of,consolidation,adjacent,to,the,left,border,of,the,heart,appr
oximately,2,rib,spaces,above,the,costophrenic,angle.,The,lateral,x-
ray,view,shows,this,lesion,absent,of,the,window,posterior,to,the,cardiac,silhouette.,Which,is,the,most,likel
y,location,of,this,area,of,focal,consolidation?
*Left,upper,lobe,apex
*Right,middle,lobe
*Left,upper,lobe,lingula
*Left,lower,lobe,,ANS,-Left,upper,lobe,lingula
Ratonale:,Lingular,consolidation,is,described,in,this,question,precisely.,If,the,cardiac,margin/silhouette,is,
obliterated,by,the,mass,,the,lesion,is,either,right,middle,lobe,or,left,upper,lobe,lingula.
The,inability,to,fully,relax,the,myocardium,during,relaxation,is,a,trademark,of,which,of,the,following,diagn
oses?,,ANS,-Diastolic,dysfunction
Rationale:,The,inability,for,the,heart,to,relax,is,a,trademark,of,the,diagnosis,of,diastolic,dysfunction,and,is,
common,in,patients,with,thickened,hypertrophic,myocardium.
An,otherwise,healthy,African,American,adult,male,has,been,diagnosed,with,hypertension.,He,has,been,re
stricting,his,salt,intake,,eating,a,DASH,(Dietary,Approaches,to,Stop,Hypertension),diet,,and,exercising,mor
e,,but,his,blood,pressure,is,still,elevated.,Which,is,the,BEST,medication,to,prescribe,him?,,ANS,-
Calcium,channel,blocker
Rationale:,African,American,patients,per,JNC8,Hypertension,Guidelines,should,be,managed,with,a,dihydr
opyridine,calcium,channel,blocker,such,as,amlodipine,(Norvasc),as,first,line,management,therapy,for,hyp
ertension,not,at,goal,with,DASH,and,lifestyle,modifications.
Your,patient,has,been,diagnosed,with,a,4.5cm,ascending,aortic,aneurysm.,Which,medical,imaging,is,consi
dered,standard,of,care,for,serial,surveillance?,,ANS,-CT,angiography,of,the,chest
Rationale:,CT,angiography,is,considered,the,standard,of,care,for,measuring,vascular,luminal,dimensions,w
ith,contrast.,CT,PE,protocol,is,not,timed,properly,for,the,aorta,(it's,timed,for,the,pulmonary,artery).,Altho
ugh,a,plain,film,is,able,to,catch,large,aneurysms,at,times,,they,are,not,able,to,provide,multi-
axis,reconstruction,needed,to,accurately,measure,the,size.,Transesophageal,echo,is,not,needed,to,accura
tely,measure,the,aorta,and,requires,the,patient,to,undergo,sedation,which,is,unnecessary.
,Which,of,the,following,medications,does,not,cause,beta,1,stimulation?,,ANS,-phenylephrine
Rationale:,Phenylephrine,only,stimulates,alpha,1,receptors.,The,remaining,three,all,have,beta,receptor,ac
tivity.
A,50-year-
old,woman,with,a,history,of,hypertension,presents,with,dyspnea,on,exertion,and,orthopnea.,On,examina
tion,,she,has,jugular,venous,distention,and,bilateral,crackles,on,lung,auscultation.,What,is,the,most,likely,
diagnosis?,,ANS,-Congestive,heart,failure
Rationale:,Of,the,available,options,,the,most,accurate,response,is,congestive,heart,failure,as,it,is,signifying
,both,a,right,ventricular,back,up,with,jugular,venous,extension,and,crackles,on,lung,assault,,which,are,sug
gestive,of,left,ventricular,back,up.,it,is,possible,the,patient,may,have,an,acute,myocardial,infarction,that,p
recipitated,this,,however,,a,patient,has,not,described,that,,rather,is,only,describing,dyspnea,on,exertion,a
nd,orthopnea,,which,both,speak,to,a,state,of,fluid,overload.,The,only,appropriate,response,of,these,availa
ble,is,congestive,heart,failure.
Your,patient,with,a,history,of,HFrEF,(heart,failure,with,reduced,ejection,fraction),with,an,ejection,fraction,
of,40%,who,is,also,not,on,optimal,medical,therapy,has,been,diagnosed,with,a,myocardial,infarction,this,a
dmission,and,received,emergent,placement,of,a,drug-
eluting,stent,to,the,left,anterior,descending,artery.,As,the,medical,home,who,will,manage,this,patient,afte
r,discharge,,which,medication,strategy,would,you,expect,to,be,a,priority,in,the,patient's,care?,,ANS,-
Ordering,a,transthoracic,echocardiogram,and,order,a,Lifevest,if,EF,is,less,than,35%
Rationale:,The,patient,should,have,a,protective,mechanism,such,as,an,implantable,automated,cardiovert
er,defibrillator,(AICD),or,a,Lifevest,if,the,EF,is,less,than,35%,due,to,the,increased,risk,of,sudden,cardiac,dea
th,with,low,EF,states.,Since,most,patients,are,not,eligible,for,90,days,for,an,AICD,in,this,state,,optimizing,t
heir,medication,regimen,and,repeating,an,echo,in,2-3,months,to,re-
evaluate,for,improvement,in,their,EF,is,required,by,most,insurance,companies.,A,baseline,echo,is,needed,
at,discharge,to,provide,a,baseline,for,improvement,vs,their,repeat,echo,in,2-3,months.
Dual,anti-platelet,therapy,is,required,for,12,months,minimum,post-MI.,
A,Holter,monitor,does,not,provide,any,conceivable,benefit,for,this,patient,as,presented.
Which,of,the,following,people,groups,represent,the,least,risk,of,cardiac,disease?,,ANS,-Caucasians
Rationale:,Statistically,African,Americans,,Native,Hawaiians,,and,American,Indians,are,at,at,increased,risk,
of,cardiac,disease,due,to,higher,rates,of,hypertension,,diabetes,,and,obesity,than,Caucasians.
,A,65-year-old,woman,presents,for,a,follow-
up,examination.,She,is,a,smoker,,and,her,hypertension,is,now,adequately,controlled,with,medication.,Her
,mother,died,at,age,40,from,a,heart,attack.,The,fasting,lipid,profile,shows,cholesterol,=,240,mg/dL,,HDL,=,
30,,and,LDL,=,200.,In,addition,to,starting,therapeutic,lifestyle,changes,,the,nurse,practitioner,should,start,
the,patient,on:,,ANS,-a,statin,drug.
Rationale:,Bile,acid,sequestrants,and,cholesterol,absorption,inhibitors,may,be,useful,in,reducing,ASVD,ris
k,,but,for,a,patient,who,is,an,active,smoker,with,premature,coronary,disease,history,(less,than,age,65,for,
women),,has,hypertension,and,is,far,from,an,LDL,goal,,this,patient,is,most,certainly,a,candidate,for,statin,t
herapy,,which,represents,the,most,aggressive,therapy,option,of,these,four,listed.
Which,of,the,following,end-organ,sequelae,is,not,directly,caused,by,uncontrolled,hypertension?,,ANS,-
Peripheral,neuropathy
Ratioanle:,Although,patients,with,hypertension,frequently,have,peripheral,neuropathy,,it,is,only,directly,a
ttributed,to,patients,who,are,also,diabetic,and,is,commonly,found,in,non-
hypertensive,diabetic,patients.,Proteinuria,,AV,nicking,,and,hemorrhagic,stroke,are,all,caused,by,uncontr
olled,hypertension.
Preventive,cardiac,care,should,focus,primarily,on,addressing,all,the,following,except?,,ANS,-
Genetic,predisposition
Rationale:,Smoking,cessation,,exercise,,and,medication,compliance,all,represent,modifiable,risk,factors,a
nd,should,be,the,focus,of,preventive,care.,Non-
modifiable,risk,factors,such,as,age,,gender,,genetic/family,history,should,not,be,the,primary,focus,of,prev
ention.
A,33-year-
old,woman,presents,with,irregular,menstrual,cycles,,hirsutism,,and,obesity.,Laboratory,tests,reveal,elevat
ed,serum,testosterone,and,LH,ratio,>,2:1.,What,is,the,most,appropriate,initial,treatment?,,ANS,-
Oral,contraceptives
Rationale:,These,are,classic,symptoms,of,polycystic,ovarian,syndrome,and,the,patient,should,be,treated,
with,oral,contraceptives,to,help,stabilize,their,estrogen,and,progesterone.,Additionally,,they,may,be,man
aged,on,metformin,and/or,spironolactone,for,their,PCOS.
Oral,contraceptive,pills,(OCPs),are,often,the,first,pharmacological,treatment,for,polycystic,ovary,syndrom
e,(PCOS),because,they,help,manage,in,several,ways:
Menstrual,irregularities:,OCPs,can,help,regulate,menstrual,cycles,,making,periods,lighter,and,more,regula
r.,This,is,important,because,irregular,ovulation,can,lead,to,endometrial,hyperplasia,,which,is,a,buildup,of,
uterine,tissue,that,can,increase,the,risk,of,uterine,cancer.
, Androgen,excess:,OCPs,can,reduce,androgen,production,and,increase,sex,hormone-
binding,globulin,(SHBG),,which,binds,androgens.,This,can,help,reduce,symptoms,like,acne,,hirsutism,(unw
anted,body,and,facial,hair),,and,androgenic,alopecia,(male,pattern,baldness).
Endometrium,protection:,OCPs,can,protect,the,endometrium,by,ensuring,regular,ovulation
A,50-year-old,woman,with,hypertension,and,diabetes,comes,in,for,a,routine,check-
up.,What,screening,test,should,be,regularly,performed,to,monitor,for,early,signs,of,diabetic,nephropathy
?,,ANS,-Urine,dipstick,for,protein
Rationale:,The,most,sensitive,indicator,of,diabetic,nephropathy,would,be,the,evidence,of,small,proteins,i
n,the,urine,(proteinuria),as,found,on,urinalysis.,The,other,options,might,describe,macro-
organ,function,(such,as,BUN/Creat,from,a,BMP,,a,renal,biopsy,which,is,not,indicated,for,routine,diabetic,n
ephropathy,testing,,and,a,Abd,CT,,which,is,more,akin,to,evaluation,of,less,subtle,findings),,but,at,the,funct
ional,level,of,the,nephron,,namely,the,glomerulus,,evidence,of,glucose-
related,damage,is,easily,identified,with,proteinuria,from,a,UA.
Which,of,the,following,is,at,highest,risk,for,DMII?,,ANS,-
An,adult,woman,with,a,BMI,of,27,who,just,delivered,a,baby,weighing,9,1/2,lbs
Rationale:,Of,these,options,,an,adult,woman,with,a,BMI,of,27,who,just,delivered,a,baby,weighing,9,1/2,lbs
,is,the,most,likely,due,to,their,increased,BMI,and,the,large,size,of,the,baby.,giving,birth,to,a,large,baby,,als
o,known,as,a,large-for-gestational-
age,(LGA),baby,,can,increase,the,risk,of,developing,type,2,diabetes,later,in,life.,Women,who,give,birth,to,a
,LGA,baby,are,10%,more,likely,to,develop,DMII,10-
14,years,after,pregnancy,compared,to,women,who,give,birth,to,babies,of,average,gestational,age,(AGA).,
This,increased,risk,is,even,after,adjusting,for,other,risk,factors,,such,as,age,,obesity,,high,blood,pressure,,a
nd,family,history,of,diabetes.
A,starting,dose,for,a,elderly,adult,patient,with,a,BMI,of,20,needing,levothryoxine,,ANS,-25,mcg
Rationale:,The,widely,considered,best,practice,for,treatment,of,hypothyroidism,in,the,elderly,is,to,"go,slo
w,and,start,low".,25,mcg,is,the,most,appropriate,low,dose,to,start,with,of,these,options.,It,is,possible,that,
over,time,the,dose,will,be,increased,until,therapeutic,levels,are,obtained,,but,the,risk,of,over-
dosing,the,patient,outweighs,the,desire,to,quickly,achieve,this,state.
An,adult,female,who,recently,returned,for,a,recheck,appointment.,The,only,remarkable,laboratory,result,i
s,for,thyroid-stimulating,hormone,(TSH),,at,0.3,microunits/mL,(normal,=,0.4-
6,microunits/mL).,The,patient,reports,that,her,neck,hurts;,examination,reveals,thyroid,tenderness.,Which
,of,the,following,laboratory,tests,should,the,nurse,practitioner,order,now?,,ANS,-
Triiodothyronine,(T3),and,free,thyroxine,(FT4)