1. What is the most common cause of fever in a newborn?
A. Urinary tract infection
B. Bacterial meningitis
C. Sepsis
D. Viral infection
Answer: C. Sepsis
Rationale: In newborns, sepsis is the most common cause of fever. Newborns have immature
immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Which of the following is the earliest sign of respiratory distress in an infant?
A. Nasal flaring
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachypnea
D. Grunting
Answer: A. Nasal flaring
Rationale: Nasal flaring is often the earliest sign of respiratory distress in infants. It occurs as a
compensatory mechanism to increase airway patency.
3. A 6-month-old infant presents with projectile vomiting after feeding, a
palpable "olive-like" mass in the right upper quadrant. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Pyloric stenosis
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
C. Intussusception
D. Hirschsprung disease
Answer: A. Pyloric stenosis
Rationale: Pyloric stenosis is characterized by projectile vomiting and a palpable "olive-like"
mass in the right upper quadrant, which is the hypertrophied pylorus.
4. A child with sickle cell disease is at increased risk for which of the following
complications?
,A. Acute asthma
B. Stroke
C. Pneumonia
D. Tuberculosis
Answer: B. Stroke
Rationale: Children with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for stroke due to the sickling of
red blood cells, which can block blood flow in cerebral vessels.
5. Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated in a child with a history of
anaphylaxis to eggs?
A. Influenza vaccine
B. DTaP vaccine
C. MMR vaccine
D. Hepatitis B vaccine
Answer: A. Influenza vaccine
Rationale: The influenza vaccine contains egg protein, which may cause an allergic reaction in
children who have a history of severe egg allergies.
6. Which of the following is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
B. Parainfluenza virus
C. Influenza virus
D. Adenovirus
Answer: A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants, often presenting with wheezing,
respiratory distress, and increased work of breathing.
7. At what age should a child be able to walk independently?
A. 6 months
B. 9 months
C. 12 months
D. 18 months
, Answer: C. 12 months
Rationale: Most children are able to walk independently around 12 months, although the range
for walking can vary between 9 and 18 months.
8. Which of the following is the hallmark of croup?
A. Barking cough
B. High fever
C. Severe stridor at rest
D. Respiratory distress with shallow breathing
Answer: A. Barking cough
Rationale: Croup is characterized by a "barking" cough, often associated with inspiratory stridor
and a hoarse voice due to viral inflammation of the larynx and trachea.
9. A 2-year-old child with a history of frequent ear infections presents with a
sudden onset of fever, irritability, and difficulty in moving the right arm. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Septic arthritis
B. Acute otitis media
C. Osteomyelitis
D. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Answer: A. Septic arthritis
Rationale: The presentation suggests septic arthritis, which is characterized by fever, irritability,
and restricted movement of the affected limb, often following an upper respiratory or otitis
media infection.
10. Which of the following is the most common congenital heart defect?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Tetralogy of Fallot
C. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
D. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Rationale: VSD is the most common congenital heart defect and can present with symptoms of
heart failure or murmurs depending on the size and location of the defect.
A. Urinary tract infection
B. Bacterial meningitis
C. Sepsis
D. Viral infection
Answer: C. Sepsis
Rationale: In newborns, sepsis is the most common cause of fever. Newborns have immature
immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Which of the following is the earliest sign of respiratory distress in an infant?
A. Nasal flaring
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachypnea
D. Grunting
Answer: A. Nasal flaring
Rationale: Nasal flaring is often the earliest sign of respiratory distress in infants. It occurs as a
compensatory mechanism to increase airway patency.
3. A 6-month-old infant presents with projectile vomiting after feeding, a
palpable "olive-like" mass in the right upper quadrant. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Pyloric stenosis
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
C. Intussusception
D. Hirschsprung disease
Answer: A. Pyloric stenosis
Rationale: Pyloric stenosis is characterized by projectile vomiting and a palpable "olive-like"
mass in the right upper quadrant, which is the hypertrophied pylorus.
4. A child with sickle cell disease is at increased risk for which of the following
complications?
,A. Acute asthma
B. Stroke
C. Pneumonia
D. Tuberculosis
Answer: B. Stroke
Rationale: Children with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for stroke due to the sickling of
red blood cells, which can block blood flow in cerebral vessels.
5. Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated in a child with a history of
anaphylaxis to eggs?
A. Influenza vaccine
B. DTaP vaccine
C. MMR vaccine
D. Hepatitis B vaccine
Answer: A. Influenza vaccine
Rationale: The influenza vaccine contains egg protein, which may cause an allergic reaction in
children who have a history of severe egg allergies.
6. Which of the following is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
B. Parainfluenza virus
C. Influenza virus
D. Adenovirus
Answer: A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants, often presenting with wheezing,
respiratory distress, and increased work of breathing.
7. At what age should a child be able to walk independently?
A. 6 months
B. 9 months
C. 12 months
D. 18 months
, Answer: C. 12 months
Rationale: Most children are able to walk independently around 12 months, although the range
for walking can vary between 9 and 18 months.
8. Which of the following is the hallmark of croup?
A. Barking cough
B. High fever
C. Severe stridor at rest
D. Respiratory distress with shallow breathing
Answer: A. Barking cough
Rationale: Croup is characterized by a "barking" cough, often associated with inspiratory stridor
and a hoarse voice due to viral inflammation of the larynx and trachea.
9. A 2-year-old child with a history of frequent ear infections presents with a
sudden onset of fever, irritability, and difficulty in moving the right arm. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Septic arthritis
B. Acute otitis media
C. Osteomyelitis
D. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Answer: A. Septic arthritis
Rationale: The presentation suggests septic arthritis, which is characterized by fever, irritability,
and restricted movement of the affected limb, often following an upper respiratory or otitis
media infection.
10. Which of the following is the most common congenital heart defect?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Tetralogy of Fallot
C. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
D. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Rationale: VSD is the most common congenital heart defect and can present with symptoms of
heart failure or murmurs depending on the size and location of the defect.
