BIO 305 Final Exam With Accurate Solutions 100% Verified
Cortical
Refers to the outer region of the kidney (renal cortex), which contains the glRefers to
the outer region of the kidney (renal cortex), which contains the glomeruli and portions
of the nephron, including the proximal and distal tubules.omeruli and portions of the
nephron, including the proximal and distal tubules.
Airways
Air-bearing passageways that lead to and from the lungs; the system includes the upper
respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract
(trachea, bronchi and bronchioles). During inspiration these structures serve to filter,
warm and humidize air.
Alveolar Sacs
Clusters of alveoli found at the end of respiratory bronchioles; the primary sites of gas
exchange where oxygen (O₂) enters the blood and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is removed
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs in lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are made of thin
walled cells (Type I alveolar cells) where the exchange of gases between air and blood
takes place. The presence of surfactant prevents their collapse by reducing surface
tension
Bronchi
Large airways branching from the trachea, one to each lung (right and left). These
,bronchi further divide into smaller secondary and tertiary bronchi, leading to the
bronchioles
Bronchioles
Smaller branches of the bronchial tree that lack cartilage. They lead to the respiratory
bronchioles and alveoli. Bronchioles regulate airflow to the alveoli through smooth
muscle contraction and relaxation
CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)
A chloride ion channel whose mutation in the CFTR gene results in respiratory
complications of cystic fibrosis, wherein thick mucus obstructs the airways, making it
difficult to expel mucus from the airways and thus limiting gas exchange
Conducting Zone
That portion of the respiratory tract which includes the passages of air, (nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi + bronchioles) through which air moves but where no
significant exchange of gases with the blood takes place
Cystic Fibrosis
A genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that leads to the production of
thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract. This condition makes it difficult to breathe
and fosters infections
Diaphragm
The dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity;
it contracts and flattens during inspiration, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing
pressure to draw air into the lungs
Expiration
Forcible exhalation of air from the lungs. This is normally a passive process involving
elastic recoil of the lungs and the diaphragm; it becomes active, however, if the force is
unusually great
, Inspiration
The intake of air into the lungs. A normally active movement in which contraction of the
diaphragm and intercostals expands the size of the thoracic cage and draws air into the
lungs by the action of negative pressure
Intercostal Muscles
Muscles between the ribs. They are involved in breathing, as their contraction expands
and elevates the rib cage during inspiration, and their relaxation or contraction
compresses the rib cage during expiration
Intrapleural Fluid
A small amount of fluid within the pleural cavity that reduces friction between the
parietal and visceral pleura during breathing and prevents the lungs from collapsing
inward due to surface tension
Intrapleural Pressure
Pleural pressure The pressure within the pleural cavity, usually negative, relative to
atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure prevents lung collapse by maintaining
the attachment of the lungs to the chest wall
Larynx
The voice box is the structure at the top of the trachea. It contains the vocal cords that
vibrate to produce sound.
Parietal Pleura
The outer layer of the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity, including the diaphragm and
the inner surface of the ribs.
Pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for air and food that connects the nasal and oral
Cortical
Refers to the outer region of the kidney (renal cortex), which contains the glRefers to
the outer region of the kidney (renal cortex), which contains the glomeruli and portions
of the nephron, including the proximal and distal tubules.omeruli and portions of the
nephron, including the proximal and distal tubules.
Airways
Air-bearing passageways that lead to and from the lungs; the system includes the upper
respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract
(trachea, bronchi and bronchioles). During inspiration these structures serve to filter,
warm and humidize air.
Alveolar Sacs
Clusters of alveoli found at the end of respiratory bronchioles; the primary sites of gas
exchange where oxygen (O₂) enters the blood and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is removed
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs in lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are made of thin
walled cells (Type I alveolar cells) where the exchange of gases between air and blood
takes place. The presence of surfactant prevents their collapse by reducing surface
tension
Bronchi
Large airways branching from the trachea, one to each lung (right and left). These
,bronchi further divide into smaller secondary and tertiary bronchi, leading to the
bronchioles
Bronchioles
Smaller branches of the bronchial tree that lack cartilage. They lead to the respiratory
bronchioles and alveoli. Bronchioles regulate airflow to the alveoli through smooth
muscle contraction and relaxation
CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)
A chloride ion channel whose mutation in the CFTR gene results in respiratory
complications of cystic fibrosis, wherein thick mucus obstructs the airways, making it
difficult to expel mucus from the airways and thus limiting gas exchange
Conducting Zone
That portion of the respiratory tract which includes the passages of air, (nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi + bronchioles) through which air moves but where no
significant exchange of gases with the blood takes place
Cystic Fibrosis
A genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that leads to the production of
thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract. This condition makes it difficult to breathe
and fosters infections
Diaphragm
The dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity;
it contracts and flattens during inspiration, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing
pressure to draw air into the lungs
Expiration
Forcible exhalation of air from the lungs. This is normally a passive process involving
elastic recoil of the lungs and the diaphragm; it becomes active, however, if the force is
unusually great
, Inspiration
The intake of air into the lungs. A normally active movement in which contraction of the
diaphragm and intercostals expands the size of the thoracic cage and draws air into the
lungs by the action of negative pressure
Intercostal Muscles
Muscles between the ribs. They are involved in breathing, as their contraction expands
and elevates the rib cage during inspiration, and their relaxation or contraction
compresses the rib cage during expiration
Intrapleural Fluid
A small amount of fluid within the pleural cavity that reduces friction between the
parietal and visceral pleura during breathing and prevents the lungs from collapsing
inward due to surface tension
Intrapleural Pressure
Pleural pressure The pressure within the pleural cavity, usually negative, relative to
atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure prevents lung collapse by maintaining
the attachment of the lungs to the chest wall
Larynx
The voice box is the structure at the top of the trachea. It contains the vocal cords that
vibrate to produce sound.
Parietal Pleura
The outer layer of the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity, including the diaphragm and
the inner surface of the ribs.
Pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for air and food that connects the nasal and oral
