1
BIOS
BIOS252/ BIOS 252 E XAM 2: (LATEST 2025/ 2026
UPDATE) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II GUIDE| QS & AS|
GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
1. List and describe the layers of the meninges.: Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
2. Dura mater:: -Outer periosteal layer
-most superficial of the three spinal meninges
-thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds spinal cord and is separated from vertebrae by
epidural space
3. Arachnoid mater:: -middle of the meningeal membranes
-thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely
arranged collagen and elastic fibers
-adheres to dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the
subarachnoid space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4. Pia mater:: -innermost meninx
BIOS252/ BIOS
, 2
BIOS
-thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the
surface of the spinal cord and brain
-delicate membrane that follows contours of spinal cord
-continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum that fuses with dura
to form coccygeal ligament
5. satellite cells function: -Surround somas of neurons in the
ganglia
-provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical
environment of neurons 6. microglial cells function:
Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and
dead nervous tissue
7. Astrocytes function: -Cover brain surface and nonsynaptic
regions of neurons
-form supportive framework in CNS
-induce formation of blood-brain barrier
-nourish neurons
-produce growth factors that stimulate neurons
-promote the formation of synapses and neural circuitry
BIOS252/ BIOS
, 3
BIOS
-communicate electrically with neurons and may influence
synaptic signalling
-form scar tissue to replace damaged nervous tissue
8. Schwann cells function: -Form neurilemma around all PNS
nerve fibers and myelin around most of them
-aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
9. ependymal cells function: -Line cavities of brain and spinal
cord
-secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
10. Wernicke area function: -recognition of spoken and written
language
-formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area
11. List and describe the functions of the hypothalamus: -
major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous
systems
-plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all
organs of the body -Hormone secretion
-Autonomic effects
BIOS252/ BIOS
BIOS
BIOS252/ BIOS 252 E XAM 2: (LATEST 2025/ 2026
UPDATE) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II GUIDE| QS & AS|
GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
1. List and describe the layers of the meninges.: Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
2. Dura mater:: -Outer periosteal layer
-most superficial of the three spinal meninges
-thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds spinal cord and is separated from vertebrae by
epidural space
3. Arachnoid mater:: -middle of the meningeal membranes
-thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely
arranged collagen and elastic fibers
-adheres to dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the
subarachnoid space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4. Pia mater:: -innermost meninx
BIOS252/ BIOS
, 2
BIOS
-thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the
surface of the spinal cord and brain
-delicate membrane that follows contours of spinal cord
-continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum that fuses with dura
to form coccygeal ligament
5. satellite cells function: -Surround somas of neurons in the
ganglia
-provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical
environment of neurons 6. microglial cells function:
Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and
dead nervous tissue
7. Astrocytes function: -Cover brain surface and nonsynaptic
regions of neurons
-form supportive framework in CNS
-induce formation of blood-brain barrier
-nourish neurons
-produce growth factors that stimulate neurons
-promote the formation of synapses and neural circuitry
BIOS252/ BIOS
, 3
BIOS
-communicate electrically with neurons and may influence
synaptic signalling
-form scar tissue to replace damaged nervous tissue
8. Schwann cells function: -Form neurilemma around all PNS
nerve fibers and myelin around most of them
-aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
9. ependymal cells function: -Line cavities of brain and spinal
cord
-secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
10. Wernicke area function: -recognition of spoken and written
language
-formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area
11. List and describe the functions of the hypothalamus: -
major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous
systems
-plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all
organs of the body -Hormone secretion
-Autonomic effects
BIOS252/ BIOS
