DELTA Module 1 Paper 1 definitions Review Questions And Answers Guaranteed Success.

Adjacency pair - correct answer A term for the utterances made by two different speakers. The first of which requires an immediate and, to a greater or lesser extent, standard response from another. Adverb Particle - correct answer A word used especially after a verb to show position, direction of movement, etc. In 'come back', 'break down' and 'fall off', 'back', 'down' and 'off' are all adverbial particles. Anaphoric - correct answer "Back" referencing in discourse e.g. "where's my towel, I hung it on the line" where the pronoun "it" refers back to "my towel" Assimilation - correct answer When a sound is modified by a neighbouring sound e.g. when the final /n/ of green is followed by a /p/ Backchannelling - correct answer Used by a listener to give feedback and reassure the speaker that they are listening and following the story. Bottom Up Processing - correct answer The use of prior knowledge, expectations and knowledge of lexis and grammatical structures to understand spoken or written text Cataphoric - correct answer "Forward" referencing in discourse e.g. "That's what I like, a nice, dry day"" where the pronoun "that" refers forward to "a nice dry day" Cohesion - correct answer The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve connected text, either spoken or written. These include reference words e.g. this, the, it; linkers e.g. however, and topic related lexis Collocation - correct answer The way in which words are used together regularly or "words that frequently occur together". Can be adjective + noun (e.g. stale bread), noun + noun (e.g. death threat) etc Compound words - correct answer Items that consist of more than one root but have a single concept or identity e.g. wastepaper bin Critical Age Hypothesis - correct answer The theory that there is a period (e.g. age 2 until puberty) during which language can be acquired rapidly and perfectly; after this it is no longer possible to achieve the same level Derived Words - correct answer Words with bound morphemes attached at the beginning or end e.g. deformed (de-form-ed) Direct Test - correct answer A test employing tasks which replicate real-life activities, e.g. role-playing a job interview, writing a letter of complaint Ellipsis - correct answer The omission of certain words or phrases where they are unnecessary (e.g. because they have already been mentioned or referred to) Elision - correct answer The omission of a sound because another similar sound follows e.g. baked beans is pronounced /beɪkbɪnz/ Fluency - correct answer The ability to produce and maintain speech in real time, without undue pauses and including long runs Form - correct answer The way a word is written or pronounced Functions - correct answer The jobs that language does (e.g. requesting, offering etc). See The Communicative Approach. Grammaring /grammaticisation - correct answer The process by which a sequence of words is fine-tuned in order to reduce ambiguity and create a more complex message than lexis alone can express e.g. She work project 3 month She'll be working on the project for 3 months Holonym - correct answer A word that names the whole of which a given word is a part e.g. `hat' is a XXX for `brim' and `crown' Homographs - correct answer Words that are written (-graph - same writing) in the same way but pronounced differently Homonyms - correct answer Words that are written and pronounced the same way but have different meanings Homophones - correct answer Words that are written differently and have different meanings but are pronounced the same (-phone - same sound) Hyponymy - correct answer The relationship between words represented by the formula X is a type of Y, e.g. in "A mango is a type of fruit", mango is a hyponym of fruit. "Fruit" is known as the superordinate term Illocutionary force - correct answer A speaker's intention in producing that utterance. E.g. in "How's that salad doing? Is it ready yet?" the speaker's intent may be in fact to make the waiter bring the salad. Interactional communcation - correct answer An exchange of ideas between two or more people where all participants are active Lexical chain - correct answer A term used to describe an item referred to in a variety of ways in a text, primarily to avoid repetition For example, 'the audience', 'the crowd', 'the fans' etc. Lexical set - correct answer Words that share a relationship because they realte to a particular topic of situation e.g. drive, steering wheel, windscreen etc belong to the XXXXX "car" Meronym - correct answer a term that denotes part of something but which is used to refer to the whole of it e.g., faces when used to mean people in I see several familiar faces present. Metaphor - correct answer A figure of speech where one thing is stated in terms of another Minimal pair - correct answer Two words which differ from each other in pronunciation by only one phoneme e.g. met, mat; pin, bin. Morphemes - correct answer The smallest meaningful unit in a language. E.g. meaningful has three: mean, ing and full. They can't be broken down further and can be used as building blocks for other words Multi-word units (or lexical phrases) - correct answer Recurring fixed forms that consist of more than one word. The meaning cannot be worked out by cutting it up and the form is fixed to varying degrees. Phrasal verb - correct answer A construction which is a combination of a verb and one or two particles. The particle can be an adverb or preposition or both e.g. cut off Notions - correct answer Divide language into specific entities e.g. sport, house, home, health etc. or more general entities e.g. presence/absence, being, distance etc. See The Communicative Approach. Object - correct answer The person or thing that is affected by the action of a transitive verb in a sentence or clause e.g. You heard me Parallelism - correct answer A form of cohesion which relates to the repetition of certain words, phrases and structures. It is used to create a link between clauses or sentences and this often reinforces a message. Paralinguistics - correct answer Refers to gesture and body language but this can be a much broader term and include non-linguistic utterances like sighing and tutting. Phatic language - correct answer The process of verbal and non-verbal communication used to establish social relationships For example, both waving and saying "What's up?" Often referred to as "small talk". Polysemes - correct answer Words with the same and a related meaning e.g. "foot" at the bottom of you leg and "foot" of a mountain Product Writing Approach - correct answer An approach to developing learners' writing skills that is informed by the belief that creating a written text is purely a matter of imitating elements that are provided in a model. Proclaiming tone - correct answer An intonation pattern that either rises and then falls or just falls. It shows teh speaker is giving new information