PSYCHOLOGY

What is the difference between the conscious and unconscious mind, according to Freud? The conscious mind includes thoughts and perceptions we are aware of, while the unconscious mind contains desires, memories, and motivations hidden from awareness but influencing behavior. How does cognitive dissonance affect decision-making? Cognitive dissonance creates mental discomfort when a person holds conflicting beliefs or behaviors, often motivating them to change one to restore consistency. What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and what is at the top of this hierarchy? Maslow's hierarchy outlines human needs, starting with physiological necessities and progressing to self-actualization, the realization of one's potential. What is the fundamental attribution error in social psychology? The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when interpreting others' behavior. How do reinforcement and punishment differ in operant conditioning? Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while punishment decreases its likelihood. What is the bystander effect, and what factors influence it? The bystander effect occurs when individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when others are present, influenced by diffusion of responsibility and social influence. What is the role of the hippocampus in memory? The hippocampus is critical for forming and storing new long-term memories, particularly declarative and episodic memories. How does attachment theory explain early childhood bonding? Attachment theory suggests that early relationships with caregivers shape emotional bonds and influence behavior in later relationships. What is learned helplessness, and who discovered it? Learned helplessness is a state where an individual feels powerless to change their situation after repeated failure, discovered by Martin Seligman through experiments with dogs. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Intrinsic motivation comes from internal desires like personal growth, while extrinsic motivation stems from external rewards such as money or recognition. How does the Big Five personality model describe traits? The Big Five model categorizes personality traits into openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. What is the significance of mirror neurons in understanding empathy? Mirror neurons are brain cells that activate when observing others, playing a role in empathy, imitation, and understanding social interactions. How does the placebo effect demonstrate the power of perception? The placebo effect shows that belief in a treatment’s effectiveness can lead to real physiological or psychological improvements, even without active ingredients. What is the difference between sensation and perception? Sensation involves detecting physical stimuli, while perception is the brain’s interpretation of those stimuli to form a meaningful experience. Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments free will The idea that human beings are free to make their own choices Determinism the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions nurture the influence of our environment CNS (central nervous system) includes the brain and spinal cord PNS (peripheral nervous system) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body Cerebellum function process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) Cerebrum Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. involentary autonomic nervous system Voluntary somatic nervous system The brain The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system electrical communication travel up and down the spinal cord, sending signals which allow different segments of the body to communicate with the brain. cervical vertebrae neck Thoracic chest spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord Receptor A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron afferent pathway component of reflex arc that transmits information from receptor to integrating center Integrating centre one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons Efferent pathway component of reflex arc that transmits information from integrating center to effector Effector organ The organ that carries out the command sent along a particular motor neuron The area within the brain regulating our survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat is called the Brain stem Regulation of functions such as breathing and heart rate are controlled by the autonomic nervous system The left side of the brain is used for tasks such as map reading and recognising patterns Ben is having trouble sleeping and has been diagnosed with a sleep disorder that is caused by a chemical imbalance. It is possible he has abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter? serotonin Learning experiences ______________ the connections between neurons, while not using our memory ________________ neuron connections. increase; reduce The chemical responsible for causing us to feel sleepy is called melatonin According to Plutchik, there are ______ primary emotions. 8 primary emotions Which of the following structures in NOT part of the limbic system cerebellum The 3 stages of memory in order are encoding, storage, retrieval Ethan is playing golf and playing well. In front of a crowd on the last hole, he overestimates and misses a tricky long putt that would have won him the match. His miss in front of the crowd could be due to? extrinsic motivation choking an event where athletes experience a considerable decline in performance standard at a time when pressure was likely higher than normal. social worker