NR 325 EXAM 1 LATEST 2025 WITH ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS!
Endocrine System Function - CORRECT ANSWER-Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-Oppose the effects of
insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release of
glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER-Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells
when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is
still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't
respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with
good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native
Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
,Diabetes Complications - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes is the leading cause of
adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased
insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and
untreated diabetes is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all
people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production
are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that
may contribute to the development of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and
destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced
insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
,Prediabetes Labs - CORRECT ANSWER-IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126
mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab - CORRECT ANSWER-It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last
3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses,
less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased
waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER-Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
, Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-Nonspecific
symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose Level - CORRECT ANSWER->126
mg/dl
Fasting is no caloric intake for at least 8 hours. The FPG test needs to be
confirmed by repeating testing on another day.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Random Plasma Glucose Measurement - CORRECT
ANSWER->200 mg/dl plus symptoms
Diagnosing Diabetes: Two-Hour OGTT Level - CORRECT ANSWER->200 mg/dl
using a glucose load of 75g.
You have the patient drink a syrup drink and evaluate how well the body
tolerates large doses of sugar.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Hemoglobin A1C Test - CORRECT ANSWER-Useful in
determining glycemic levels over time. May be used in diagnosis or to monitor
success of treatment. It shows the amount of glucose attached to hgb
molecules over RBC life span (3 months). <6.5-7%
Goal of Diabetes Management - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease symptoms
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS!
Endocrine System Function - CORRECT ANSWER-Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-Oppose the effects of
insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release of
glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER-Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells
when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is
still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't
respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with
good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native
Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
,Diabetes Complications - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes is the leading cause of
adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased
insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and
untreated diabetes is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER-Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all
people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production
are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that
may contribute to the development of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and
destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced
insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
,Prediabetes Labs - CORRECT ANSWER-IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126
mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab - CORRECT ANSWER-It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last
3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses,
less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased
waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER-Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
, Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-Nonspecific
symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose Level - CORRECT ANSWER->126
mg/dl
Fasting is no caloric intake for at least 8 hours. The FPG test needs to be
confirmed by repeating testing on another day.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Random Plasma Glucose Measurement - CORRECT
ANSWER->200 mg/dl plus symptoms
Diagnosing Diabetes: Two-Hour OGTT Level - CORRECT ANSWER->200 mg/dl
using a glucose load of 75g.
You have the patient drink a syrup drink and evaluate how well the body
tolerates large doses of sugar.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Hemoglobin A1C Test - CORRECT ANSWER-Useful in
determining glycemic levels over time. May be used in diagnosis or to monitor
success of treatment. It shows the amount of glucose attached to hgb
molecules over RBC life span (3 months). <6.5-7%
Goal of Diabetes Management - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease symptoms
