Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 1
Review
Define a contraindication, sign, symptom, objective data - ✔✔ correct answer a contraindication is a
condition that serves as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would
cause the patient.
Causes of Edema - ✔✔ correct answer Excess fluid in the interstitial space. Edema is a problem of fluid
distribution, not necessarily of fluid overload.
Clinical manifestations of Cellulitis - ✔✔ correct answer Cellulitis appears as a swollen, warm, tender
area of erythema. Additionally, systemic manifestations of infection are usually present (e.g., fever,
leukocytosis, malaise, and arthralgia)
Inflammation lab tests - ✔✔ correct answer Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ESR elevated levels
indicate inflammation.
- Normal range is 0 to 22 mm/hr for men and 0 to 29 mm/hr for women.
Define Homeostasis - ✔✔ correct answer Equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this
self-regulating, give-and-take system responds to minor changes in the body's status through
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and return
the body to its normal state.
Types of bone fractures - ✔✔ correct answer Simple fracture—a fracture with a single break in the bone
and in which bone ends maintain their alignment and position
Transverse fracture—a fracture straight across the bone shaft
Oblique fracture—a fracture at an angle to the bone shaft
Spiral fracture—a fracture that twists around the bone shaft
Comminuted fracture—a fracture characterized by multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
, Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 1
Review
Greenstick fracture—an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the
bend is broken; commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification and often heals quickly
Compression fracture—a fracture in which the bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
Define Cachexia - ✔✔ correct answer Cachexia, a generalized wasting syndrome in which the person
appears emaciated, often occurs due to malnutrition.
Properties of cancer cells - ✔✔ correct answer Cancer cells grow and divide at an abnormally rapid rates,
are poorly differentiated, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology
Describe Osteosarcoma tumors - ✔✔ correct answer An aggressive tumor that begins in the bone cells,
usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula. It occurs most often in children and young adults.
When present, clinical manifestations usually include pathologic fractures, bone pain, a palpable mass,
fatigue, and unintended weight loss.
Complications of bone fractures - ✔✔ correct answer Multiple complications can result from fractures.
Delayed union, malunion, or nonunion may occur due to poor nutrition, inadequate blood supply,
malalignment, and premature weight bearing. Other fracture complications may include compartment
syndrome, fat embolism, osteomyelitis, and osteonecrosis.
Complications of compartment syndrome - ✔✔ correct answer Compartment syndrome is a serious
condition that results from increased pressure in an internal compartment, usually the muscle fascia in
the case of fractures. This pressure impinges on the nerves and blood vessels present within the
compartment, potentially compromising the distal extremity. Compartment syndrome requires prompt
identification and treatment to prevent permanent tissue damage.
Define Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔ correct answer Contact dermatitis is an acute inflammatory reaction
triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance.
Causes of fluid volume deficits - ✔✔ correct answer Inadequate fluid intake, such as that caused by the
following:
Review
Define a contraindication, sign, symptom, objective data - ✔✔ correct answer a contraindication is a
condition that serves as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would
cause the patient.
Causes of Edema - ✔✔ correct answer Excess fluid in the interstitial space. Edema is a problem of fluid
distribution, not necessarily of fluid overload.
Clinical manifestations of Cellulitis - ✔✔ correct answer Cellulitis appears as a swollen, warm, tender
area of erythema. Additionally, systemic manifestations of infection are usually present (e.g., fever,
leukocytosis, malaise, and arthralgia)
Inflammation lab tests - ✔✔ correct answer Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ESR elevated levels
indicate inflammation.
- Normal range is 0 to 22 mm/hr for men and 0 to 29 mm/hr for women.
Define Homeostasis - ✔✔ correct answer Equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this
self-regulating, give-and-take system responds to minor changes in the body's status through
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and return
the body to its normal state.
Types of bone fractures - ✔✔ correct answer Simple fracture—a fracture with a single break in the bone
and in which bone ends maintain their alignment and position
Transverse fracture—a fracture straight across the bone shaft
Oblique fracture—a fracture at an angle to the bone shaft
Spiral fracture—a fracture that twists around the bone shaft
Comminuted fracture—a fracture characterized by multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
, Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 1
Review
Greenstick fracture—an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the
bend is broken; commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification and often heals quickly
Compression fracture—a fracture in which the bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
Define Cachexia - ✔✔ correct answer Cachexia, a generalized wasting syndrome in which the person
appears emaciated, often occurs due to malnutrition.
Properties of cancer cells - ✔✔ correct answer Cancer cells grow and divide at an abnormally rapid rates,
are poorly differentiated, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology
Describe Osteosarcoma tumors - ✔✔ correct answer An aggressive tumor that begins in the bone cells,
usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula. It occurs most often in children and young adults.
When present, clinical manifestations usually include pathologic fractures, bone pain, a palpable mass,
fatigue, and unintended weight loss.
Complications of bone fractures - ✔✔ correct answer Multiple complications can result from fractures.
Delayed union, malunion, or nonunion may occur due to poor nutrition, inadequate blood supply,
malalignment, and premature weight bearing. Other fracture complications may include compartment
syndrome, fat embolism, osteomyelitis, and osteonecrosis.
Complications of compartment syndrome - ✔✔ correct answer Compartment syndrome is a serious
condition that results from increased pressure in an internal compartment, usually the muscle fascia in
the case of fractures. This pressure impinges on the nerves and blood vessels present within the
compartment, potentially compromising the distal extremity. Compartment syndrome requires prompt
identification and treatment to prevent permanent tissue damage.
Define Contact Dermatitis - ✔✔ correct answer Contact dermatitis is an acute inflammatory reaction
triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance.
Causes of fluid volume deficits - ✔✔ correct answer Inadequate fluid intake, such as that caused by the
following:
