©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
GEOG EXAM 4 Questions With Correct
Answers A+
The graph shows that from 1850 to 2000, five large volcanic eruptions have - Answer✔resulted
in lowered global temperatures for several years.
Which climate reconstruction methods provides the longest record of Earth's climate history? -
Answer✔ocean sediment cores
At the Little Ice Age's start in the fourteenth century, temperatures in Europe fell by about how
much? - Answer✔1° Fahrenheit
How has climate change over the last 50 years been different than in the geologic past? -
Answer✔Climate change today is happening much faster than during the Eocene Epoch.
What is permafrost? - Answer✔permanently frozen ground
What has been the Arctic's biggest change in recent years? - Answer✔shrinking of the summer
ice pack
Which of the following is a result of recent climate change in Alaska? - Answer✔warmer winters
in the interior of Alaska
Which of the following is not considered an important carbon sink? - Answer✔farmlands
Which of the following is true of 16O and 18O? - Answer✔Both the 16O and 18O isotopes
occur in water molecules.
Milankovitch cycles refer to - Answer✔changes in Earth-Sun relationships, namely the Earth's
orbit around the sun, the Earth's axial rotation, and the Earth's axial tilt.
How have scientists used isotopic analysis to determine the rise of atmospheric CO2 is mostly
from the burning of fossil fuels? - Answer✔The low proportions of 13C and 14C within
atmospheric CO2 indicates the source is fossil carbon.
Obliquity, i.e. variations in the Earth's axial tilt, range from ________ to ________ over a
41,000-year cycle. - Answer✔21.5° to 24.5°
Which of the following accurately describes 18O/16O ratios of ice sheets? - Answer✔A higher
ratio of oceanic 18O to 16O indicates a warmer period during which more 18O evaporates and
precipitates onto ice sheets.
1
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
A lower 18O/16O ratio in ocean sediment cores indicates a(n) ________ climate, whereas a
higher 18O/16O ratio indicates a(n) ________ climate. - Answer✔warmer; cooler
The last glacial maximum (LGM) occurred approximately ________ years ago. -
Answer✔20,000
Ocean sediment cores provide a climate record for the past ________ years. - Answer✔70
million
The Maunder minimum during the Little Ice Age has been linked to - Answer✔a period of low
sunspot activity from 1645 to 1715.
increased in the rate of ___________ due to climate change can lead to drought. -
Answer✔evaporation
Although there was low precipitation during the 1930s Dust Bowl, it was the _____________,
rather than low precipitation, that caused the extreme drought. - Answer✔farming methods
Changes in the land, such as _________ through "slash and burn" practices and wildfires
following overgrazing, cause the ground to dry and lead to drought. - Answer✔deforestation
Decreased rate of __________ due to climate change can lead to drought. -
Answer✔precipitation
Changes in the land surface, such as more __________, can increase heat absorption, which can
increase the rate of evaporation. - Answer✔asphalt
How do scientists use lake sediments to study past climates? - Answer✔Lake sediments contain
organic materials that can be identified and radiocarbon dated, giving insight into past plant
communities and climatic conditions.
"Snowball Earth" refers to - Answer✔an extreme icehouse climate from 600 to 700 million years
ago with ice sheets extending to the tropics.
The key elements of climate change science include which of the following? - Answer✔study of
past climates, measurement of current climatic change, and projection of future climate scenarios
The last interglacial period with temperatures similar to the present interglacial period was the -
Answer✔125,000 years ago (Eemian interglacial).
The Little Ice Age likely resulted from - Answer✔solar activity, volcanic activity and/or
multiyear changes in global circulation.
Which organization released the Fifth Assessment Report on climate change? -
Answer✔Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Which of the following gases accounts for the largest amount of radiative forcing? -
Answer✔carbon dioxide (CO2)
2
GEOG EXAM 4 Questions With Correct
Answers A+
The graph shows that from 1850 to 2000, five large volcanic eruptions have - Answer✔resulted
in lowered global temperatures for several years.
Which climate reconstruction methods provides the longest record of Earth's climate history? -
Answer✔ocean sediment cores
At the Little Ice Age's start in the fourteenth century, temperatures in Europe fell by about how
much? - Answer✔1° Fahrenheit
How has climate change over the last 50 years been different than in the geologic past? -
Answer✔Climate change today is happening much faster than during the Eocene Epoch.
What is permafrost? - Answer✔permanently frozen ground
What has been the Arctic's biggest change in recent years? - Answer✔shrinking of the summer
ice pack
Which of the following is a result of recent climate change in Alaska? - Answer✔warmer winters
in the interior of Alaska
Which of the following is not considered an important carbon sink? - Answer✔farmlands
Which of the following is true of 16O and 18O? - Answer✔Both the 16O and 18O isotopes
occur in water molecules.
Milankovitch cycles refer to - Answer✔changes in Earth-Sun relationships, namely the Earth's
orbit around the sun, the Earth's axial rotation, and the Earth's axial tilt.
How have scientists used isotopic analysis to determine the rise of atmospheric CO2 is mostly
from the burning of fossil fuels? - Answer✔The low proportions of 13C and 14C within
atmospheric CO2 indicates the source is fossil carbon.
Obliquity, i.e. variations in the Earth's axial tilt, range from ________ to ________ over a
41,000-year cycle. - Answer✔21.5° to 24.5°
Which of the following accurately describes 18O/16O ratios of ice sheets? - Answer✔A higher
ratio of oceanic 18O to 16O indicates a warmer period during which more 18O evaporates and
precipitates onto ice sheets.
1
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
A lower 18O/16O ratio in ocean sediment cores indicates a(n) ________ climate, whereas a
higher 18O/16O ratio indicates a(n) ________ climate. - Answer✔warmer; cooler
The last glacial maximum (LGM) occurred approximately ________ years ago. -
Answer✔20,000
Ocean sediment cores provide a climate record for the past ________ years. - Answer✔70
million
The Maunder minimum during the Little Ice Age has been linked to - Answer✔a period of low
sunspot activity from 1645 to 1715.
increased in the rate of ___________ due to climate change can lead to drought. -
Answer✔evaporation
Although there was low precipitation during the 1930s Dust Bowl, it was the _____________,
rather than low precipitation, that caused the extreme drought. - Answer✔farming methods
Changes in the land, such as _________ through "slash and burn" practices and wildfires
following overgrazing, cause the ground to dry and lead to drought. - Answer✔deforestation
Decreased rate of __________ due to climate change can lead to drought. -
Answer✔precipitation
Changes in the land surface, such as more __________, can increase heat absorption, which can
increase the rate of evaporation. - Answer✔asphalt
How do scientists use lake sediments to study past climates? - Answer✔Lake sediments contain
organic materials that can be identified and radiocarbon dated, giving insight into past plant
communities and climatic conditions.
"Snowball Earth" refers to - Answer✔an extreme icehouse climate from 600 to 700 million years
ago with ice sheets extending to the tropics.
The key elements of climate change science include which of the following? - Answer✔study of
past climates, measurement of current climatic change, and projection of future climate scenarios
The last interglacial period with temperatures similar to the present interglacial period was the -
Answer✔125,000 years ago (Eemian interglacial).
The Little Ice Age likely resulted from - Answer✔solar activity, volcanic activity and/or
multiyear changes in global circulation.
Which organization released the Fifth Assessment Report on climate change? -
Answer✔Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Which of the following gases accounts for the largest amount of radiative forcing? -
Answer✔carbon dioxide (CO2)
2
