WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE EXAM
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Pressure ithat iis idue ito ialbumin iin ithe ibloodstream? i- icorrect ianswers-Oncotic
,Oncotic i- icorrect ianswers-a iform iof iosmotic ipressure iexerted iby iproteins
In ithe iblood, i_____ iis ithe imost icommon iplasma iprotein iand iis, itherefore, ia
iprimary ideterminant iof ioncotic ipressure i- icorrect ianswers-albumin
_____ icontrols iosmotic ipressure iin ivascular isystem, ibuilds ivolume i- icorrect
ianswers-Albumin
One iquestion iwas iabout ithe idifference iin ichildren iand iadult iimmunity i- icorrect
ianswers-Possible ianswer: inaive iT icells
Learning icheck iquestion: iWhich idifferences iin iimmunity imake ichildren iand iolder
iadult ipatients imore isusceptible ito iinfections? iChoose i2 ianswers
Younger ipatients ihave ifewer imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia idwindling ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Older iadult ipatients ihave imore imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Younger ipatients ihave ia ilarge ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia ilarge ipopulation iof inaive iT icells i- icorrect ianswers-
Younger ipatients ihave ifewer imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia idwindling ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Rationale: iyounger ipatients ihave inot ibeen iexposed ito imany ipathogens, iwhich
imeans ithat ithey ihave ifewer imemory icells ithan iadults. iThe iprimary iimmune
iresponse iis irelatively iweak icompared ito ia isecondary iresponse imediated iby
imemory icells.
Older iadult ipatients ido inot ihave ias imany iT icells icompared ito iyounger ipatients.
iWhen ithese ipatients iencounter inovel ipathogens, ithe ireduced inumber iof inaive iT
icells igives iclonal iselection ifewer iopportunities ito i"find" iT icells ithat iwill ibe
ieffective.
Fluid iand ielectrolyte ilevels iare iregulated iby i_______, iwhich iregulates iactions isuch
ias ithirst, iADH, ithe ikidneys, iand iRAAS. i- icorrect ianswers-osmoreceptors
Fluid ideficit icauses i- icorrect ianswers--Excessive iloss
-Inadequate iintake
-Or icombination iof iboth
Fluid ideficit irisk ifactors i- icorrect ianswers--Vomiting/diarrhea
,-Excessive isweating
-Insufficient iwater iintake
Fluid ideficit imanifestations i- icorrect ianswers--dry imucous imembranes
-decreased iskin iturgor
-decreased iurine ioutput
-low iblood ipressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME ifor iABGs i- icorrect ianswers-Respiratory iOpposite iMetabolic iEqual
If ipH iand ipCO2 iare imoving iin iopposite idirections, ithen iit iis ipCO2 ilevels ithat iare
icausing ithe iimbalance iand iit iis irespiratory iin inature
If ithey iare imoving ithe isame idirection ithen iit iis imetabolic iin inature
Buffers, irenal icompensation, iand irespiratory icompensation ihelp ito imaintain ia iblood
ipH iof i_______ i- icorrect ianswers-7.35-7.45
A ipatient iwith ia iviral iillness iand isevere ivomiting ihas ian ielevated iCO2 ilevel iand ia
iblood ipH iof i7.53. iShe iis ibreathing islowly. iWhat icondition idoes ithe ipatient ihave? i
Metabolic ialkalosis i
Metabolic iacidosis i
Respiratory ialkalosis
Respiratory iacidosis i- icorrect ianswers-Metabolic ialkalosis
The ipatient's ipH iand iCO2 ilevel iare iboth ielevating i(moving iin ithe isame idirection).
iThis iindicates imetabolic ialkalosis. iThe iCO2 ilevel iis ihigh ibecause iher irespiratory
isystem iis iattempting ito icompensate ifor ithe ihigh ipH iby iexhaling iless iand iretaining
imore iCO2
To iprevent ichanges iin ipH, ithe ibody iemploys ibuffer isystems. iThe ibody iutilizes i3
ibuffer isystems: i- icorrect ianswers-proteins, iphosphates, iand ithe icarbonic iacid-
bicarbonate isystem
Carbonic iacid-bicarbonate isystem ifirst iline iof idefense iis i_____, isecond iline iof
idefense iis i_____ i- icorrect ianswers-respirations; ikidneys
Carbonic iacid-bicarbonate isystem iequation i- icorrect ianswers-The iequation imoves
iin iboth idirections
CABS iEquation:
When iCO2 ilevels iare ielevated, ithe iequation imoves i________, iforming imore iH+
iand iHCO3- iions i- icorrect ianswers-toward ithe iright
, CABS iEquation:
When iH+ iions iare ielevated, ithe iequation imoves i_____, ias iH+ iions iare iconverted
ito iCO2 iand ithe iCO2 iis iexhaled. i- icorrect ianswers-toward ithe ileft
CO2 ilevels i- icorrect ianswers-35-45
HCO3 ilevels i- icorrect ianswers-22-26
Michael's ipulmonary iedema ileads ito irespiratory iacidosis. iHow idoes ipH iimpact
iMichael's ibasal imetabolic ipanel? iChoose i3 ianswers. i
His iCO2 ilevel iis iincreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave idifficulty iremoving iit ifrom ithe
ibloodstream. i
His iK+ iis ielevated ibecause, ias iH+ imoves iinside iof icells iin ian iattempt ito iget iit
iout iof ithe ibloodstream, iK+ imoves ifrom icells iinto ithe ibloodstream. i
His isodium ilevel iis idecreased idue ito ihypervolemia. i
His icalcium ilevel iis ireduced ibecause ithe ielevated iconcentration iof iH+ imakes iit
ieasier ifor iCa+ ito ibind ito ialbumin. i
His iCO2 ilevel iis idecreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave idifficulty iadding iit iinto ithe
ibloodstream i- icorrect ianswers-His iCO2 ilevel iis iincreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave
idifficulty iremoving iit ifrom ithe ibloodstream. i
His iK+ iis ielevated ibecause, ias iH+ imoves iinside iof icells iin ian iattempt ito iget iit
iout iof ithe ibloodstream, iK+ imoves ifrom icells iinto ithe ibloodstream. i
His isodium ilevel iis idecreased idue ito ihypervolemia.
There iis ia iquestion iabout ihypoventilation ior ihyperventilation i- icorrect ianswers-
Metabolic iacidosis ipH i<7.35 i= irespirations iincrease iin idepth iand irate ito iblow ioff
iCO2
Metabolic ialkalosis ipH i>7.45 i= irespirations islow idown ito iincrease iCO2 iretention
Respiratory iacidosis i= iexcess iCO2 ihas iaccumulated iwhich iis igenerating iH+
Respiratory ialkalosis i= ilungs iblow ioff itoo imuch iCO2, icreating iless iH+ iin iblood
What iis iexcreted iin iresponse ito ifluid ivolume ioverload? i- icorrect ianswers-
Natriuretic ipeptides
Natriuretic ipeptides i- icorrect ianswers-hormonal isignals ireleased iby ithe ibrain iand
iheart iin iresponse ito iexcess ifluid iin ithe ibody
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Pressure ithat iis idue ito ialbumin iin ithe ibloodstream? i- icorrect ianswers-Oncotic
,Oncotic i- icorrect ianswers-a iform iof iosmotic ipressure iexerted iby iproteins
In ithe iblood, i_____ iis ithe imost icommon iplasma iprotein iand iis, itherefore, ia
iprimary ideterminant iof ioncotic ipressure i- icorrect ianswers-albumin
_____ icontrols iosmotic ipressure iin ivascular isystem, ibuilds ivolume i- icorrect
ianswers-Albumin
One iquestion iwas iabout ithe idifference iin ichildren iand iadult iimmunity i- icorrect
ianswers-Possible ianswer: inaive iT icells
Learning icheck iquestion: iWhich idifferences iin iimmunity imake ichildren iand iolder
iadult ipatients imore isusceptible ito iinfections? iChoose i2 ianswers
Younger ipatients ihave ifewer imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia idwindling ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Older iadult ipatients ihave imore imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Younger ipatients ihave ia ilarge ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia ilarge ipopulation iof inaive iT icells i- icorrect ianswers-
Younger ipatients ihave ifewer imemory icells ito icombat iinfection
Older iadult ipatients ihave ia idwindling ipopulation iof inaive iT icells
Rationale: iyounger ipatients ihave inot ibeen iexposed ito imany ipathogens, iwhich
imeans ithat ithey ihave ifewer imemory icells ithan iadults. iThe iprimary iimmune
iresponse iis irelatively iweak icompared ito ia isecondary iresponse imediated iby
imemory icells.
Older iadult ipatients ido inot ihave ias imany iT icells icompared ito iyounger ipatients.
iWhen ithese ipatients iencounter inovel ipathogens, ithe ireduced inumber iof inaive iT
icells igives iclonal iselection ifewer iopportunities ito i"find" iT icells ithat iwill ibe
ieffective.
Fluid iand ielectrolyte ilevels iare iregulated iby i_______, iwhich iregulates iactions isuch
ias ithirst, iADH, ithe ikidneys, iand iRAAS. i- icorrect ianswers-osmoreceptors
Fluid ideficit icauses i- icorrect ianswers--Excessive iloss
-Inadequate iintake
-Or icombination iof iboth
Fluid ideficit irisk ifactors i- icorrect ianswers--Vomiting/diarrhea
,-Excessive isweating
-Insufficient iwater iintake
Fluid ideficit imanifestations i- icorrect ianswers--dry imucous imembranes
-decreased iskin iturgor
-decreased iurine ioutput
-low iblood ipressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME ifor iABGs i- icorrect ianswers-Respiratory iOpposite iMetabolic iEqual
If ipH iand ipCO2 iare imoving iin iopposite idirections, ithen iit iis ipCO2 ilevels ithat iare
icausing ithe iimbalance iand iit iis irespiratory iin inature
If ithey iare imoving ithe isame idirection ithen iit iis imetabolic iin inature
Buffers, irenal icompensation, iand irespiratory icompensation ihelp ito imaintain ia iblood
ipH iof i_______ i- icorrect ianswers-7.35-7.45
A ipatient iwith ia iviral iillness iand isevere ivomiting ihas ian ielevated iCO2 ilevel iand ia
iblood ipH iof i7.53. iShe iis ibreathing islowly. iWhat icondition idoes ithe ipatient ihave? i
Metabolic ialkalosis i
Metabolic iacidosis i
Respiratory ialkalosis
Respiratory iacidosis i- icorrect ianswers-Metabolic ialkalosis
The ipatient's ipH iand iCO2 ilevel iare iboth ielevating i(moving iin ithe isame idirection).
iThis iindicates imetabolic ialkalosis. iThe iCO2 ilevel iis ihigh ibecause iher irespiratory
isystem iis iattempting ito icompensate ifor ithe ihigh ipH iby iexhaling iless iand iretaining
imore iCO2
To iprevent ichanges iin ipH, ithe ibody iemploys ibuffer isystems. iThe ibody iutilizes i3
ibuffer isystems: i- icorrect ianswers-proteins, iphosphates, iand ithe icarbonic iacid-
bicarbonate isystem
Carbonic iacid-bicarbonate isystem ifirst iline iof idefense iis i_____, isecond iline iof
idefense iis i_____ i- icorrect ianswers-respirations; ikidneys
Carbonic iacid-bicarbonate isystem iequation i- icorrect ianswers-The iequation imoves
iin iboth idirections
CABS iEquation:
When iCO2 ilevels iare ielevated, ithe iequation imoves i________, iforming imore iH+
iand iHCO3- iions i- icorrect ianswers-toward ithe iright
, CABS iEquation:
When iH+ iions iare ielevated, ithe iequation imoves i_____, ias iH+ iions iare iconverted
ito iCO2 iand ithe iCO2 iis iexhaled. i- icorrect ianswers-toward ithe ileft
CO2 ilevels i- icorrect ianswers-35-45
HCO3 ilevels i- icorrect ianswers-22-26
Michael's ipulmonary iedema ileads ito irespiratory iacidosis. iHow idoes ipH iimpact
iMichael's ibasal imetabolic ipanel? iChoose i3 ianswers. i
His iCO2 ilevel iis iincreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave idifficulty iremoving iit ifrom ithe
ibloodstream. i
His iK+ iis ielevated ibecause, ias iH+ imoves iinside iof icells iin ian iattempt ito iget iit
iout iof ithe ibloodstream, iK+ imoves ifrom icells iinto ithe ibloodstream. i
His isodium ilevel iis idecreased idue ito ihypervolemia. i
His icalcium ilevel iis ireduced ibecause ithe ielevated iconcentration iof iH+ imakes iit
ieasier ifor iCa+ ito ibind ito ialbumin. i
His iCO2 ilevel iis idecreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave idifficulty iadding iit iinto ithe
ibloodstream i- icorrect ianswers-His iCO2 ilevel iis iincreased ibecause ihis ilungs ihave
idifficulty iremoving iit ifrom ithe ibloodstream. i
His iK+ iis ielevated ibecause, ias iH+ imoves iinside iof icells iin ian iattempt ito iget iit
iout iof ithe ibloodstream, iK+ imoves ifrom icells iinto ithe ibloodstream. i
His isodium ilevel iis idecreased idue ito ihypervolemia.
There iis ia iquestion iabout ihypoventilation ior ihyperventilation i- icorrect ianswers-
Metabolic iacidosis ipH i<7.35 i= irespirations iincrease iin idepth iand irate ito iblow ioff
iCO2
Metabolic ialkalosis ipH i>7.45 i= irespirations islow idown ito iincrease iCO2 iretention
Respiratory iacidosis i= iexcess iCO2 ihas iaccumulated iwhich iis igenerating iH+
Respiratory ialkalosis i= ilungs iblow ioff itoo imuch iCO2, icreating iless iH+ iin iblood
What iis iexcreted iin iresponse ito ifluid ivolume ioverload? i- icorrect ianswers-
Natriuretic ipeptides
Natriuretic ipeptides i- icorrect ianswers-hormonal isignals ireleased iby ithe ibrain iand
iheart iin iresponse ito iexcess ifluid iin ithe ibody
