CHSO 404 Exam 2 Questions with
100% Correct Answers
What makes up the kidney? - Answer-cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter, nephrons
What makes up the nephrons? - Answer-renal corpuscle (glomerulus Bowman's
capsule), proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (LofH), distal convoluted
tubule (DCT), collecting tubules (CT)
Where does the renal blood supply come from and what supplies the nephrons? -
Answer-renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, pentubular
capillaries, renal vein
T/F: the renal artery is 20% of the cardiac output - Answer-true
What are the four processes of the renal tubule? - Answer-filtration- removal of
substances from blood into renal tubule at glomerulus
secretion- removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at peritubular capillaries
reabsorption- return of substances from renal tubule into blood at peritubular capillaries
excretion- removal of substances from renal tubule through urine
What happens in PCT? - Answer-reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, H2O, glucose,
A.A.
secretion of H+, organic acids, and bases
not under hormonal regulation
T/F: most of all reabsorption occurs in PCT - Answer-true
What happens in the loop of henle? - Answer-reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-,
Mg3+, H2O
secretes H+
Where does the interstitial salt gradient generate? What part of the nephron requires
this? - Answer-in the Loop of Henle
collecting tubule/duct needs interstitial salt gradient for ADH action
,What happens in the DCT? - Answer-only site that secretes H2O and K+
reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
secretes H+, K+, H2O
What hormone affects the DCT? - Answer-aldosterone- H2O follows Na+ reabsorption
What happens at the collecting tubules/duct? - Answer-H2O reabsorption
What hormone takes action on collecting tubules/duct? - Answer-ADH- reabsorption of
H2O
What is the driving force of glomerular filtration? What opposes it? - Answer-hydrostatic
pressure
osmotic/oncotic pressure- oppose filtration
Define GFR? How much does it produce each day? What does it indicate? What should
it filter out? - Answer-GFR- volume filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space per
unit time
180 L per day
total GFR is an index of functioning renal mass
filter out glucose, ketones, nitrites, heme, protein
What makes up the glomerular structure? - Answer-fenestrated capillary endothelium,
incomplete basement membrane, podocyte slots or slit pores/feet, negative charge
basement membrane to repel negative charged plasma proteins
How does the renin-angiotensin system work? - Answer-Renin is a hormone that is
produced to help regulate blood flow, GFR, and blood pressure. When blood volume,
blood pressure, or blood sodium is low, Renin converts to angiotensin I. and angiotensin
I converts to angiotensin II. and then through a series of reactions - secretes
aldosterone, which increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water, restoring blood
pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels. It also promotes excretion of
potassium
What does ADH do? Where is it released? - Answer-acts on renal tubules (CT) to allow
for H2O reabsorption that depends on salt gradient formed by LofH
released by posterior pituitary
,What does the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do? Where is it released? What is it a
counter/opposite to? - Answer-released by cardiac atria cells in response to stretch and
work to counter fluid conserving effects and relieve blood pressure (decrease blood
volume)
counter to aldosterone
What is micturition? How does micturition work? - Answer-the process of emptying the
urinary bladder
internal sphincter is closed when bladder/detrusor muscle is relaxed
when bladder/detrusor muscle is contracted, the internal sphincter opens- urine comes
out- involuntarily
when bladder/detrusor muscle is contracted, the external sphincter opens
What is the purpose of the external sphincter? - Answer-to prevent or interrupt urination
voluntarily
What is normal pH for urine? specific gravity? - Answer-normal urine pH- 5.0-6.5
specific gravity- 1.003-1.030
<1.003- too dilute
>1.030- too concentrated
What are parts of the CNS? - Answer-brain and spinal cord
What are parts of the PNS? - Answer-afferent sensory, efferent motor, somatic
voluntary, and autonomic involuntary
What are the two neural cells and what are their functions? - Answer-neurons-
functional cells of the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons
schwann cells- supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid
conduction of an action potential
How do nerve cells communicate? - Answer-action potentials- ionic changes that allow
conduction of info along with length of the axon
synaptic transmission- process by which a neuron conveys info to another cell such as
a neuron, muscle cell, or gland
neurotransmitter- key to synaptic transmission; chemical signal released from the
presynaptic neuron that interacts with the post synaptic cell
What are the 5 parts of the cerebral hemisphere? (Cerebrum) - Answer-frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe limbic system
, What does the frontal lobe control? - Answer-primary motor cortex for precise
movement of hands and feet, phonation (speech), premotor and motor association
cortex for planning of complex learned movement patterns
What does the parietal lobe do? - Answer-primary somatosensory cortex and
somatosensory association cortex for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated
sensory inputs
What does the temporal lobe do? - Answer-primary auditory cortex important for
discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears, memory associated with certain sound
patterns, long term memory and recall
What does the occipital lobe do? - Answer-primary visual cortex, visual association
cortex to interpret meaning of visual experiences
What does the limbic system do? - Answer-within cerebrum, governs emotional
experiences and controls emotion-related behavior
What is the diencephalon? What two things compose of this area? - Answer-superior to
the brain stem and is enclosed by the cereal hemisphere (the thalamus and
hypothalamus)
What does the thalamus do? - Answer-relay station for info to and from the cerebral
cortex, relays sensory info to the sensory cortex, relays critical info regarding motor
activities to and from regions of the motor cortex, allows for crud recognition of pleasant
and unpleasant, and some auditory experiences
What does the hypothalamus do? - Answer-master gland that controls most
homeostatic processes in the body- regulates water balance, hunger-satiety, water
balance, overall metabolism, and body temperature
also controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and regulates pituitary glands
What 2 things make up the brain stem? What does this part of the area control? -
Answer-contains pons and medulla
regulates basic and essential functions like respiratory control center, cardiovascular
control center, and vasomotor center
also controls swallowing, vomiting, micturition, salivation, pupillary diameter,
consciousness, sleep-wake cycle
What is the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)? - Answer-parts of
the brain stem form this structure
it extends the length of the brain stem and governs these essential functions of the brain
stem (specifically consciousness)
100% Correct Answers
What makes up the kidney? - Answer-cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter, nephrons
What makes up the nephrons? - Answer-renal corpuscle (glomerulus Bowman's
capsule), proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (LofH), distal convoluted
tubule (DCT), collecting tubules (CT)
Where does the renal blood supply come from and what supplies the nephrons? -
Answer-renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, pentubular
capillaries, renal vein
T/F: the renal artery is 20% of the cardiac output - Answer-true
What are the four processes of the renal tubule? - Answer-filtration- removal of
substances from blood into renal tubule at glomerulus
secretion- removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at peritubular capillaries
reabsorption- return of substances from renal tubule into blood at peritubular capillaries
excretion- removal of substances from renal tubule through urine
What happens in PCT? - Answer-reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, H2O, glucose,
A.A.
secretion of H+, organic acids, and bases
not under hormonal regulation
T/F: most of all reabsorption occurs in PCT - Answer-true
What happens in the loop of henle? - Answer-reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-,
Mg3+, H2O
secretes H+
Where does the interstitial salt gradient generate? What part of the nephron requires
this? - Answer-in the Loop of Henle
collecting tubule/duct needs interstitial salt gradient for ADH action
,What happens in the DCT? - Answer-only site that secretes H2O and K+
reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
secretes H+, K+, H2O
What hormone affects the DCT? - Answer-aldosterone- H2O follows Na+ reabsorption
What happens at the collecting tubules/duct? - Answer-H2O reabsorption
What hormone takes action on collecting tubules/duct? - Answer-ADH- reabsorption of
H2O
What is the driving force of glomerular filtration? What opposes it? - Answer-hydrostatic
pressure
osmotic/oncotic pressure- oppose filtration
Define GFR? How much does it produce each day? What does it indicate? What should
it filter out? - Answer-GFR- volume filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space per
unit time
180 L per day
total GFR is an index of functioning renal mass
filter out glucose, ketones, nitrites, heme, protein
What makes up the glomerular structure? - Answer-fenestrated capillary endothelium,
incomplete basement membrane, podocyte slots or slit pores/feet, negative charge
basement membrane to repel negative charged plasma proteins
How does the renin-angiotensin system work? - Answer-Renin is a hormone that is
produced to help regulate blood flow, GFR, and blood pressure. When blood volume,
blood pressure, or blood sodium is low, Renin converts to angiotensin I. and angiotensin
I converts to angiotensin II. and then through a series of reactions - secretes
aldosterone, which increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water, restoring blood
pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels. It also promotes excretion of
potassium
What does ADH do? Where is it released? - Answer-acts on renal tubules (CT) to allow
for H2O reabsorption that depends on salt gradient formed by LofH
released by posterior pituitary
,What does the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do? Where is it released? What is it a
counter/opposite to? - Answer-released by cardiac atria cells in response to stretch and
work to counter fluid conserving effects and relieve blood pressure (decrease blood
volume)
counter to aldosterone
What is micturition? How does micturition work? - Answer-the process of emptying the
urinary bladder
internal sphincter is closed when bladder/detrusor muscle is relaxed
when bladder/detrusor muscle is contracted, the internal sphincter opens- urine comes
out- involuntarily
when bladder/detrusor muscle is contracted, the external sphincter opens
What is the purpose of the external sphincter? - Answer-to prevent or interrupt urination
voluntarily
What is normal pH for urine? specific gravity? - Answer-normal urine pH- 5.0-6.5
specific gravity- 1.003-1.030
<1.003- too dilute
>1.030- too concentrated
What are parts of the CNS? - Answer-brain and spinal cord
What are parts of the PNS? - Answer-afferent sensory, efferent motor, somatic
voluntary, and autonomic involuntary
What are the two neural cells and what are their functions? - Answer-neurons-
functional cells of the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons
schwann cells- supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid
conduction of an action potential
How do nerve cells communicate? - Answer-action potentials- ionic changes that allow
conduction of info along with length of the axon
synaptic transmission- process by which a neuron conveys info to another cell such as
a neuron, muscle cell, or gland
neurotransmitter- key to synaptic transmission; chemical signal released from the
presynaptic neuron that interacts with the post synaptic cell
What are the 5 parts of the cerebral hemisphere? (Cerebrum) - Answer-frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe limbic system
, What does the frontal lobe control? - Answer-primary motor cortex for precise
movement of hands and feet, phonation (speech), premotor and motor association
cortex for planning of complex learned movement patterns
What does the parietal lobe do? - Answer-primary somatosensory cortex and
somatosensory association cortex for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated
sensory inputs
What does the temporal lobe do? - Answer-primary auditory cortex important for
discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears, memory associated with certain sound
patterns, long term memory and recall
What does the occipital lobe do? - Answer-primary visual cortex, visual association
cortex to interpret meaning of visual experiences
What does the limbic system do? - Answer-within cerebrum, governs emotional
experiences and controls emotion-related behavior
What is the diencephalon? What two things compose of this area? - Answer-superior to
the brain stem and is enclosed by the cereal hemisphere (the thalamus and
hypothalamus)
What does the thalamus do? - Answer-relay station for info to and from the cerebral
cortex, relays sensory info to the sensory cortex, relays critical info regarding motor
activities to and from regions of the motor cortex, allows for crud recognition of pleasant
and unpleasant, and some auditory experiences
What does the hypothalamus do? - Answer-master gland that controls most
homeostatic processes in the body- regulates water balance, hunger-satiety, water
balance, overall metabolism, and body temperature
also controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and regulates pituitary glands
What 2 things make up the brain stem? What does this part of the area control? -
Answer-contains pons and medulla
regulates basic and essential functions like respiratory control center, cardiovascular
control center, and vasomotor center
also controls swallowing, vomiting, micturition, salivation, pupillary diameter,
consciousness, sleep-wake cycle
What is the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)? - Answer-parts of
the brain stem form this structure
it extends the length of the brain stem and governs these essential functions of the brain
stem (specifically consciousness)
