PSY 2012
Chapter 9 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is a widely accepted model in psychology that explains how
individuals develop and grow throughout their lives. The theory outlines eight stages of
development, each with its unique challenges and tasks that must be overcome to progress to the
next stage successfully.
The first stage, infancy (birth-18 months), involves learning trust versus mistrust. During this
stage, infants depend on the caregiver for everything they need, from food and shelter to
emotional support. As such, they learn to trust those around them or develop a sense of mistrust
if their needs are not met.
The second stage, early childhood (2-3 years), involves autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Children begin to assert independence during this phase by exploring their environment and
making choices. Parents who encourage exploration help children develop self-confidence and
independence while overprotective parents can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.
The third stage, preschool age (4-6 years), involves initiative versus guilt. Children become more
curious during this phase, asking questions about everything around them as they try to
understand the world better. Encouraging curiosity helps children feel confident in their abilities
while discouragement leads to feelings of guilt.
Chapter 9 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is a widely accepted model in psychology that explains how
individuals develop and grow throughout their lives. The theory outlines eight stages of
development, each with its unique challenges and tasks that must be overcome to progress to the
next stage successfully.
The first stage, infancy (birth-18 months), involves learning trust versus mistrust. During this
stage, infants depend on the caregiver for everything they need, from food and shelter to
emotional support. As such, they learn to trust those around them or develop a sense of mistrust
if their needs are not met.
The second stage, early childhood (2-3 years), involves autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Children begin to assert independence during this phase by exploring their environment and
making choices. Parents who encourage exploration help children develop self-confidence and
independence while overprotective parents can lead to feelings of shame and doubt.
The third stage, preschool age (4-6 years), involves initiative versus guilt. Children become more
curious during this phase, asking questions about everything around them as they try to
understand the world better. Encouraging curiosity helps children feel confident in their abilities
while discouragement leads to feelings of guilt.
