Brooks Biodiversity Unit 3- Exam Questions and Answers Latest Version () Already Passed

Brooks Biodiversity Unit 3- Exam Questions and Answers Latest Version () Already Passed Coevolution - Answers adaptations go hand in hand, with one species evolving with the other Plant/Animal Hierarchy - Answers Cells -- Tissues -- Organs 3 Plant Tissues - Answers 1. Dermal ("Skin") 2. Vascular ("Veins") 3. Ground Tissue ("support tissue") Leaves - Answers Responsible for collection and conservation of solar energy Main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plant Stems - Answers Positioning and support of leaves Trunks of trees are actually modified stems Roots - Answers Anchorage and absorption Very important for gas exchange Roots must anchor quickly and take up water Are all stomata on the lower surface of the leaf? - Answers No! Only most On exam Vascular Tissue - Answers Xylem and Phloem Responsible for transport Leaf Structure - Answers 1. Epidermis 2. Mesophyll 3. Vein (Vascular Bundle/Vascular Tissue) Epidermis of Leaf (2 Parts) - Answers Dermal Tissue Composed of: 1. Cuticle 2. Guard Cells with Stomata Cuticle - Answers Non-living structure made of wax Produced by the Epidermis to resist desiccation (drying out) Stomata - Answers Contain tiny pores called stoma and guard cells Most are located on the surface of the plant, but there are some on the upper surface Purpose is to regulate gas exchange Guard Cells - Answers Control the opening and closing of stomata Purpose is to regulate gas exchange Mesophyll - Answers Middle part of the leaf that is the photosynthetic layer (dermal tissue) Composed of parenchyma Parenchyma - Answers Cells that make up the mesophyll and cells in plants Generalized cell type in plants, which can be modified into collenchyma and sclerenchyma Thin and flexible cells Most common and versatile ground tissue Used for metabolic functions and storage of organic products Parenchyma in Leaves (monocots and Dicots) - Answers Monocots have 1 layer Dicots have two layers: Palisade and Spongy Forms Mesophyll of leaves Parenchyma in Stems - Answers Forms the cortex and pith of stems Parenchyma in Roots - Answers Forms the cortex Parenchyma in Fruits - Answers Forms the pulp of fruits Parenchyma in Seeds - Answers Forms the endosperm of seeds Palisade Layer - Answers Top part of the mesophyll in dicot plants Spongy Layer - Answers Soft middle part of the mesophyll in dicot plants Vein (Vascular Bundle/Vascular Tissue) - Answers Consists of Xylem and Phloem that are the vascular bundles for the transport of materials between roots and shoots Xylem Tissue - Answers Vascular Tissue Conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots (passive transport) Functions in support and food storage Typically constitutes the woody elements of a plant Cells that make up Xylem are dead Cell types include Tracheids and Vessel Members (Elements) Phloem Tissue - Answers Vascular Tissue Transports organic nutrients (food) from the leaves throughout the plants Cells that make up Phloem are alive Came second evolutionarily Cells of Phloem include sieve tube member (element) and the companion cell Divided by Sieve Plates which are structures that have pores to allow sap to flow through Produces the bark (out) Stem Structure (5 Parts) - Answers 1. Cell Wall 2. Epidermis 3. Cortex 4. Collenchyma 5. Sclerenchyma Cell Wall of Plants - Answers Cellulose Based Epidermis of Stem - Answers All young Plants start out with an epidermis on the stem As plants age, the epidermis will eventually be replaced with bark Cortex - Answers Inner portion of the stem and is comprised of parenchyma and collenchyma cells Called ground tissue system Located between the epidermis and pith in dicot plants Pith - Answers Middle of stem, large because it contains nutrients Ground Tissue System - Answers Includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support Types of Ground Tissue - Answers 1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma Collenchyma - Answers Associated with Phloem Ground tissue Cells are flexible and will stretch as the plant grows Modified Parenchyma cell Ex: Found in celery, makes up the strands Sclerenchyma - Answers Associated with Vascular tissues More rigid, modified parenchyma cell Cell walls contain lignin, a compound that allows the cell to provide support These cells are dead at maturity Sclerenchyma Consists of.. - Answers Fibers - these are what were originally used to make ropes (Test Q) Sclerids and Granules - Sand grains inside pears. They can also be consolidated into hard shells in nuts Tracheids - Answers Long, thin tapered cells with pits on cell walls Present in early vascular plants and present in angiosperms Have plates inside the tube that slow down flow Vessel Members (Elements) - Answers Short and wide cells with partially perforated ends Vessel members have larger diameter than Tracheids and therefore allow easier and greater flow Produce wood Sieve-Tube Members - Answers Contain sieve plates at their ends Type of cell in Phloem Companion Cells - Answers Living cells that do all of the metabolic activity to keep the sieve tube alive They help the sieve tube member stay alive by supporting and maintaining them Component in Phloem Which of these four cells (Tracheids, Vessel Members, Sieve tube members, or Companion Cells) is the most active metabolically? - Answers Companion Cells On Exam* Vascular Bundles - Answers Procambium = Vascular Cambium Equivalent of Germ Layers in animals Material between xylem and phloem Gives rise to vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Dicots - Answers Have a cortex and pith Flowers: Floral parts are in multiples of 4 or 5 Leaves: Broad to narrow leaves with netted veination Stems: Vascular bundles arranged in a circle Seeds: Contain two cotyledon Monocots - Answers Flowers: Floral parts in multiples of 3 Leaves: Long tapered blades with parallel veination Stems:Have ground tissue with vascular bundles dispersed throughout (called ground parenchyma/ground tissue) and an outer epidermis Seeds: Contain one cotyledon One layer of parenchyma - ground parenchyma Dendrochronology - Answers Tree ring analysis to determine a tree's age and weather patterns Which of the following cell types is most active metabolically when fully functional? - Answers Companion Cells Root Structure - Answers 1. Epidermis with root hairs for increased absorption surface area of water/minerals 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis with Casparian Strips 4. Stele Cortex in Root - Answers Very extensive in the root Serves as the main physical barrier for water Forces water to travel around the cells, blocking out certain things, like a sieve Endodermis with Casparian Strips - Answers Layer of tissue deep in the cortex that filters substances before they enter the vascular tissue Have Casparian Strips Part of root structure Casparian Strips - Answers A wax that prevents water from squeezing between cells Serves as the filter Stele - Answers Central cylinder with vascular tissues inside where the water ends up Central portion of the root Apoplastic Pathway - Answers Water goes between the cells Apoplastic Pathway vs. Symplastic Pathway - Answers Water enters through the root epidermis and passes in the spaces "between" the cortex cells apoplastically until reaching the endodermis Casparian strips that prevent water from passing between endodermal cells Water is therefore forced through the cell membranes simplistically where it is filtered before reaching the vascular tissues with the stele This process removes potentially harmful substances through its selectively-permeable membranes of the endodermal cells Symplastic Pathway - Answers Water is moving osmotically between cells Root Nodules - Answers Have nitrogen-fixing bacteria Major plant that relies on roots with nitrogen are pea plants Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria - Answers Fix nitrogen and are housed in root nodules to supply "fertilizer" thereby allowing plants to thrive in environments or soil that are nutrient-poor Nitrogenase - Answers An enzyme used to break down triple-bond of N2 gas. It is an obligate anaerobic (plants must block oxygen for nitrogenous to work because it cannot have oxygen present)