NR-503 EPIDEMIOLOGY ACTUAL FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Odds ratio and the relative risk are used - Answer-to assess the strength of association
between risk factor and outcome.
How is Attributable risk used - Answer-is used to make risk-based decisions for
individuals.
Population-attributable risk measures - Answer-are used to form public health decisions
EGAPP: - Answer-Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
GAPP Net - Answer-Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network
(established in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the
public health sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care
and disease prevention.
GEDDI - Answer-Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI)
(established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family
history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected
individuals, family members, and populations.
Huge Net - Answer-Human Genome Epidemiology Network (Huge Net) (established in
1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive
medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and
dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and
disease. Huge Net reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the
epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in
different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-
environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
NHANES III - Answer-DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002)
formed a multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed
a proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health
significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the
association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in
NHANES III data.
The World Health Organization defines a pandemic - Answer-as a global epidemic that
spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics
that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
,Outbreak - Answer-the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would
normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An
outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
Quarantine - Answer-the separation and restriction of the movement of people who
were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether
they become ill
Antigenic drift - Answer-is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's
ribonucleic acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal
changes or new strains of a virus
WHO Pandemic Phases - Answer-Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in
animals have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases
in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough
to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any
country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This
phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation
of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one
WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
Phase 1 - Answer-None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported
to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2 - Answer-An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in
humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3 - Answer-An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters
of cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant
enough to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4 - Answer-Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is
causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk
and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5 - Answer-There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two
countries. This phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and
implementation of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
, Phase 6 - Answer-This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than
one WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009).
Pandemic Severity Index - Answer-Category 1—case fatality ratio of less than 0.1% and
fewer than 90,000 U.S. deaths
Category 2—0.1%-0.5% case fatality ratio and 90,000-450,000 U.S. deaths
Category 3- 0.5%—1% case fatality ratio and 450,000-900,000 U.S. deaths
Category 4—1-2% case fatality ratio and 900,000-1.8 million U.S. deaths
Category 5—greater than 2% case fatality ratio and more than 1.8 million U.S. deaths
(CDC, 2014).
SDG's - Answer-- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Decent work and economic growth
- Peace, justice and strong institutions
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are
a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
History of WHO - Answer-1945: charter of the United Nations; article calling for
establishment of health agency with wide powers
1946: UN representatives created and ratified the constitution of WHO
1948: constitution went into force and WHO began work\
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948,
and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO played a leading role in the
eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in
particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; as well as the mitigation of the
effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health,
development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health;
substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and
networking.
Call to action - Answer-It falls to nurses and midwives, the most numerous and arguably
most patient-centered component of the health workforce, to assume a leadership role
in addressing planetary health. Leadership begins with educating ourselves, students,
staff, patients, and communities. Engagement in political and policy processes are
needed-and can take many forms. Even small measures may have impact. Local level
sustainability and readiness is meaningful at one's university, hospital, and or health
system levels.
Learn
Communicate
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Odds ratio and the relative risk are used - Answer-to assess the strength of association
between risk factor and outcome.
How is Attributable risk used - Answer-is used to make risk-based decisions for
individuals.
Population-attributable risk measures - Answer-are used to form public health decisions
EGAPP: - Answer-Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
GAPP Net - Answer-Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network
(established in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the
public health sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care
and disease prevention.
GEDDI - Answer-Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI)
(established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family
history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected
individuals, family members, and populations.
Huge Net - Answer-Human Genome Epidemiology Network (Huge Net) (established in
1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive
medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and
dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and
disease. Huge Net reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the
epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in
different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-
environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
NHANES III - Answer-DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002)
formed a multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed
a proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health
significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the
association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in
NHANES III data.
The World Health Organization defines a pandemic - Answer-as a global epidemic that
spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics
that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
,Outbreak - Answer-the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would
normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An
outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
Quarantine - Answer-the separation and restriction of the movement of people who
were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether
they become ill
Antigenic drift - Answer-is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's
ribonucleic acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal
changes or new strains of a virus
WHO Pandemic Phases - Answer-Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in
animals have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases
in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough
to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any
country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This
phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation
of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one
WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
Phase 1 - Answer-None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported
to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2 - Answer-An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in
humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3 - Answer-An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters
of cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant
enough to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4 - Answer-Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is
causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk
and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5 - Answer-There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two
countries. This phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and
implementation of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
, Phase 6 - Answer-This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than
one WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009).
Pandemic Severity Index - Answer-Category 1—case fatality ratio of less than 0.1% and
fewer than 90,000 U.S. deaths
Category 2—0.1%-0.5% case fatality ratio and 90,000-450,000 U.S. deaths
Category 3- 0.5%—1% case fatality ratio and 450,000-900,000 U.S. deaths
Category 4—1-2% case fatality ratio and 900,000-1.8 million U.S. deaths
Category 5—greater than 2% case fatality ratio and more than 1.8 million U.S. deaths
(CDC, 2014).
SDG's - Answer-- No poverty
- Zero hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Decent work and economic growth
- Peace, justice and strong institutions
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are
a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
History of WHO - Answer-1945: charter of the United Nations; article calling for
establishment of health agency with wide powers
1946: UN representatives created and ratified the constitution of WHO
1948: constitution went into force and WHO began work\
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948,
and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO played a leading role in the
eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in
particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; as well as the mitigation of the
effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health,
development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health;
substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and
networking.
Call to action - Answer-It falls to nurses and midwives, the most numerous and arguably
most patient-centered component of the health workforce, to assume a leadership role
in addressing planetary health. Leadership begins with educating ourselves, students,
staff, patients, and communities. Engagement in political and policy processes are
needed-and can take many forms. Even small measures may have impact. Local level
sustainability and readiness is meaningful at one's university, hospital, and or health
system levels.
Learn
Communicate
