NR 503 Midterm Quiz Questions and
Answers
Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is
it used? - Answer-Concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health
and disease within a population. Through the process of looking at rates, incidence,
prevalence, mortality, survival, and prognosis we have and understanding of a disease
and knowledge of how populations differ. Also, what interventions would be best for
who.
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care? - Answer-Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any
epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any health problem from a research
perspective. Causation is found through further research study to determine the best
interventions in patient care and overall population health. They both work together to
aid evidence-based care by describing patterns of disease in populations and identifying
potential risk factors.
What does "causation" mean? - Answer-The relationship between cause and effect
Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary interventions? - Answer-
Causation is the cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the
changes in another variable. Such as smoking increases risk of lung cancer. Primary
intervention would be to eliminate or reduce factors related to the variable. Such as
reducing factors that cause asthma-obesity, pollution, sedentary lifestyle. Secondary
intervention would be early detection of asthma symptoms. Tertiary interventions would
be managing the asthma and stopping the progression of the asthma.
What are the 5W's of descriptive epidemiology: - Answer-What = health issue of
concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and it's relationship to "causation"? - Answer-
Surveillance is the collection, analysis and dissemination of information pertaining to the
occurrence of a disease. In order to know what causes diseases, we must use
surveillance.
How do we determine which tests are good to use? - Answer-Validity, reliability, cost
effective, improve quality of life or outcomes.
, How does social justice and health inequities influence population health care
provision? Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care? -
Answer-Social justice speaks to equal health care and the quality of healthcare to all
individuals. If social justice is not performed then population health care will not be
adequate. If all Indvidual's are not provided with equal opportunity to.
What is the Campaign for Action? - Answer-Collaborates with nurses, healthcare
providers, consumers, educators, and businesses in every state to improve health and
health equity by strengthening nursing.
What is a case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort
study design? - Answer-The case-control method is also a type of observational study
that enables researchers to monitor numerous risk factors at once to identify links and
exposures during outbreaks. The cohort method is a type of observational study that
assists to determine the incidence rate of the disease.
Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias)
etc.? - Answer-Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study (or
a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? - Answer-
Randomized controlled trial: (RCT) A study in which people are allocated at random (by
chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions
is the standard of comparison or control. The control may be a standard practice, a
placebo ("sugar pill"), or no intervention at all.
A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used to look at factors
associated with diseases or outcomes. The case-control study starts with a group of
cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest. Then, a control
group is selected that does not have the outcome of interest. The two groups are then
compared to identify factors that may be associated with the outcome
A cohort study is a type of observational study that follows a group of participants over a
period of time, examining how certain factors (like exposure to a given risk factor) affect
their health outcomes. The individuals in the cohort have a characteristic or lived
experience in common, such as birth year or geographic area
Showing a casual relationship means that a change in one variable(independent
variable) causes a change in the other (dependent variable)
What is an intervention group? Where is it found? - Answer-An intervention group is a
group of participants in a study who are assigned to receive the intervention being
Answers
Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is
it used? - Answer-Concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health
and disease within a population. Through the process of looking at rates, incidence,
prevalence, mortality, survival, and prognosis we have and understanding of a disease
and knowledge of how populations differ. Also, what interventions would be best for
who.
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care? - Answer-Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any
epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any health problem from a research
perspective. Causation is found through further research study to determine the best
interventions in patient care and overall population health. They both work together to
aid evidence-based care by describing patterns of disease in populations and identifying
potential risk factors.
What does "causation" mean? - Answer-The relationship between cause and effect
Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary interventions? - Answer-
Causation is the cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the
changes in another variable. Such as smoking increases risk of lung cancer. Primary
intervention would be to eliminate or reduce factors related to the variable. Such as
reducing factors that cause asthma-obesity, pollution, sedentary lifestyle. Secondary
intervention would be early detection of asthma symptoms. Tertiary interventions would
be managing the asthma and stopping the progression of the asthma.
What are the 5W's of descriptive epidemiology: - Answer-What = health issue of
concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and it's relationship to "causation"? - Answer-
Surveillance is the collection, analysis and dissemination of information pertaining to the
occurrence of a disease. In order to know what causes diseases, we must use
surveillance.
How do we determine which tests are good to use? - Answer-Validity, reliability, cost
effective, improve quality of life or outcomes.
, How does social justice and health inequities influence population health care
provision? Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care? -
Answer-Social justice speaks to equal health care and the quality of healthcare to all
individuals. If social justice is not performed then population health care will not be
adequate. If all Indvidual's are not provided with equal opportunity to.
What is the Campaign for Action? - Answer-Collaborates with nurses, healthcare
providers, consumers, educators, and businesses in every state to improve health and
health equity by strengthening nursing.
What is a case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort
study design? - Answer-The case-control method is also a type of observational study
that enables researchers to monitor numerous risk factors at once to identify links and
exposures during outbreaks. The cohort method is a type of observational study that
assists to determine the incidence rate of the disease.
Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias)
etc.? - Answer-Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study (or
a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? - Answer-
Randomized controlled trial: (RCT) A study in which people are allocated at random (by
chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions
is the standard of comparison or control. The control may be a standard practice, a
placebo ("sugar pill"), or no intervention at all.
A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used to look at factors
associated with diseases or outcomes. The case-control study starts with a group of
cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest. Then, a control
group is selected that does not have the outcome of interest. The two groups are then
compared to identify factors that may be associated with the outcome
A cohort study is a type of observational study that follows a group of participants over a
period of time, examining how certain factors (like exposure to a given risk factor) affect
their health outcomes. The individuals in the cohort have a characteristic or lived
experience in common, such as birth year or geographic area
Showing a casual relationship means that a change in one variable(independent
variable) causes a change in the other (dependent variable)
What is an intervention group? Where is it found? - Answer-An intervention group is a
group of participants in a study who are assigned to receive the intervention being
