DD Exam 2 Prep: Essential Topics and Strategies
True or false:
The profile of patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease is the same profile of patients who have
osteoarthritis, tendinopathy and a lot of different musculoskeletal condition. - correct answer ✔✔True
Coronary artery disease - correct answer ✔✔atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the
blood supply to the heart muscle
Table 6.3 - correct answer ✔✔
Normal HDL - correct answer ✔✔40-60 (double check book)
Normal LDL - correct answer ✔✔<100 mg/dL (double check book)
Why do we look at C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers in regards to heart disease? -
correct answer ✔✔Heart disease often manifests itself from chronic inflammation
Classic male pain pattern for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Left side pain (left shoulder
pain, stabbing chest pain that radiates into the shoulder and down the left arm; almost in the ulnar
nerve distribution as well as across the left jaw)
Classic female pain pattern for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Feeling irritable, fatigue,
nauseous, out of sorts, central upper thoracic pain; also can have epigastric onset of symptoms as well as
diffuse chest pain that may radiate in both arms
True or false:
Sometimes woman do not present with pain at all leading up to a myocardial infarction but rather feel
irritable and fatigued. - correct answer ✔✔True
High risk age group for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Males: over 55
,Females: over 65
If the pain is worse with exercise, that's _____________ angina. - correct answer ✔✔exertional
Angina types - correct answer ✔✔Check the book!
True or false:
Pain coming from the heart can be reproduced with palpation of the chest. - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
If a patient has a stent and chest pain what do you do? - correct answer ✔✔Immediate referral; call 911;
HUGE RED FLAG
__________________ is inflammation of the sac around the heart. - correct answer ✔✔pericarditis
___________ pericarditis usually occurs with an insidious onset . - correct answer ✔✔primary
_______________ pericarditis occurs for some reason; for example the patient was sick and they had an
infection. - correct answer ✔✔secondary
Why does leaning forward ease chest pain stemming from the pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔It
creates a bit of space and therefore takes off pressure from the heart contacting the pericardium
________ can manifest itself as backup, blood flow backup. We'll see swelling in the limbs and the lower
leg. It's going to depend on whether it's the right versus the left side. - correct answer ✔✔CHF
(congestive heart failure)
______-sided heart failure, we're going to see pulmonary backup. Obviously, that patient is going to have
backup to the lungs and so you're going to see shortness of breath, cough. They aren't going to want to
lay in supine, right? When they lay supine, it makes it worse. They get more of a backup so they don't
want to assume that position. - correct answer ✔✔left
,_______-sided failure, is systemic backup. The patient may present with cyanosis. You might see jugular
vein distention. Their lower limbs are very swollen. - correct answer ✔✔Right
True or false:
Most patients have a combination of left and right sided heart failure. - correct answer ✔✔True
An ____________ is distension of the artery. - correct answer ✔✔aneurysm
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is very dangerous and if it were to rupture that would be a _________
injury. - correct answer ✔✔Fatal
Major risk factors for CAD - correct answer ✔✔Age
Family history of premature CAD (CAD in male first degree relative <65)
Hypertension (140/90 or higher; anti hypertensive medications)
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Low HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dl)
Hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg/dl)
Obesity
Pulmonary backup; dyspnea, cough, consider what supine position will create, fatigue, edema, renal
function. - correct answer ✔✔Left sided heart failure
Systemic backup; right upper quadrant pain, cyanosis, fatigue. - correct answer ✔✔Right sided heart
failure
Cyanosis - correct answer ✔✔bluish discoloration of the skin
Normal BP - correct answer ✔✔Less than 120 and less than 80
, Elevated BP - correct answer ✔✔120-129 and less than 80
Stage 1 hypertension - correct answer ✔✔130-139 OR 80-89
Stage 2 hypertension - correct answer ✔✔140 or higher OR 90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis - correct answer ✔✔Higher than 180 and/or higher than 120
Pulse palpation grading scale - correct answer ✔✔0= no palpable pulse
1+= faint but detectable
2+= normal pulse
3+= increased or full
4+= bounding pulse
(*start distal and work proximal)
1+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔No pitting; mild indentation of skin (2mm)
2+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Moderate pitting that indents 4mm; disappears within 10-15
seconds
3+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Deep pitting that indents 6mm; remains indented for >1min;
dependent extremity is visibly swollen
4+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Very deep pitting that indents 8mm; remains 2-5mins; dependent
leg is grossly distorted
Pursed lip breathing in the sitting position while leaning forward on the arms relieves symptoms of
dyspnea for the client with ____________. - correct answer ✔✔emphysema
True or false:
The profile of patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease is the same profile of patients who have
osteoarthritis, tendinopathy and a lot of different musculoskeletal condition. - correct answer ✔✔True
Coronary artery disease - correct answer ✔✔atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the
blood supply to the heart muscle
Table 6.3 - correct answer ✔✔
Normal HDL - correct answer ✔✔40-60 (double check book)
Normal LDL - correct answer ✔✔<100 mg/dL (double check book)
Why do we look at C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers in regards to heart disease? -
correct answer ✔✔Heart disease often manifests itself from chronic inflammation
Classic male pain pattern for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Left side pain (left shoulder
pain, stabbing chest pain that radiates into the shoulder and down the left arm; almost in the ulnar
nerve distribution as well as across the left jaw)
Classic female pain pattern for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Feeling irritable, fatigue,
nauseous, out of sorts, central upper thoracic pain; also can have epigastric onset of symptoms as well as
diffuse chest pain that may radiate in both arms
True or false:
Sometimes woman do not present with pain at all leading up to a myocardial infarction but rather feel
irritable and fatigued. - correct answer ✔✔True
High risk age group for myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔Males: over 55
,Females: over 65
If the pain is worse with exercise, that's _____________ angina. - correct answer ✔✔exertional
Angina types - correct answer ✔✔Check the book!
True or false:
Pain coming from the heart can be reproduced with palpation of the chest. - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
If a patient has a stent and chest pain what do you do? - correct answer ✔✔Immediate referral; call 911;
HUGE RED FLAG
__________________ is inflammation of the sac around the heart. - correct answer ✔✔pericarditis
___________ pericarditis usually occurs with an insidious onset . - correct answer ✔✔primary
_______________ pericarditis occurs for some reason; for example the patient was sick and they had an
infection. - correct answer ✔✔secondary
Why does leaning forward ease chest pain stemming from the pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔It
creates a bit of space and therefore takes off pressure from the heart contacting the pericardium
________ can manifest itself as backup, blood flow backup. We'll see swelling in the limbs and the lower
leg. It's going to depend on whether it's the right versus the left side. - correct answer ✔✔CHF
(congestive heart failure)
______-sided heart failure, we're going to see pulmonary backup. Obviously, that patient is going to have
backup to the lungs and so you're going to see shortness of breath, cough. They aren't going to want to
lay in supine, right? When they lay supine, it makes it worse. They get more of a backup so they don't
want to assume that position. - correct answer ✔✔left
,_______-sided failure, is systemic backup. The patient may present with cyanosis. You might see jugular
vein distention. Their lower limbs are very swollen. - correct answer ✔✔Right
True or false:
Most patients have a combination of left and right sided heart failure. - correct answer ✔✔True
An ____________ is distension of the artery. - correct answer ✔✔aneurysm
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is very dangerous and if it were to rupture that would be a _________
injury. - correct answer ✔✔Fatal
Major risk factors for CAD - correct answer ✔✔Age
Family history of premature CAD (CAD in male first degree relative <65)
Hypertension (140/90 or higher; anti hypertensive medications)
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Low HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dl)
Hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg/dl)
Obesity
Pulmonary backup; dyspnea, cough, consider what supine position will create, fatigue, edema, renal
function. - correct answer ✔✔Left sided heart failure
Systemic backup; right upper quadrant pain, cyanosis, fatigue. - correct answer ✔✔Right sided heart
failure
Cyanosis - correct answer ✔✔bluish discoloration of the skin
Normal BP - correct answer ✔✔Less than 120 and less than 80
, Elevated BP - correct answer ✔✔120-129 and less than 80
Stage 1 hypertension - correct answer ✔✔130-139 OR 80-89
Stage 2 hypertension - correct answer ✔✔140 or higher OR 90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis - correct answer ✔✔Higher than 180 and/or higher than 120
Pulse palpation grading scale - correct answer ✔✔0= no palpable pulse
1+= faint but detectable
2+= normal pulse
3+= increased or full
4+= bounding pulse
(*start distal and work proximal)
1+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔No pitting; mild indentation of skin (2mm)
2+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Moderate pitting that indents 4mm; disappears within 10-15
seconds
3+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Deep pitting that indents 6mm; remains indented for >1min;
dependent extremity is visibly swollen
4+ pitting edema - correct answer ✔✔Very deep pitting that indents 8mm; remains 2-5mins; dependent
leg is grossly distorted
Pursed lip breathing in the sitting position while leaning forward on the arms relieves symptoms of
dyspnea for the client with ____________. - correct answer ✔✔emphysema
