Comprehensive Capstone For Health and Biological Sciences Review Guide With questions & Actual and Verified Answers

Comprehensive Capstone For Health and Biological Sciences Review Guide With questions & Actual and Verified Answers Medications for Neurocognitive Disorder - ANSWER -Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine which improves the patient to do self care & slow deterioration of Alzheimer's Disease (mild to moderate AD) Adverse effects of medications - ANSWER -GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea -bradycardia, syncope Caution this medication to patients with: - ANSWER -Asthma, COPD Neurognitive Disorder - ANSWER -Gradual deterioration of function over months or years Neurocognitive Disorders Manifestations - ANSWER -impairments in memory & judgement -Aphasia: speech -Agnosia: difficulty to recognize familiar objects - Apraxia: difficulty with movements -LOC: Unchanged -restlessness & agitation is common during sundown -vital signs is stable unless other illness is present Cardiovascular Disorder - ANSWER .... Risk factors for neurocognitive disorders - ANSWER - Advanced age, genetics, sedentary lifestyle, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus ND can be related to: - ANSWER - Alzheimers Disease - Traumatic brain injury -Parkinson's Disease Outcome ND - ANSWER Irreversible & progressive Arterial septal defect (ASD) - ANSWER a hole in septum between right & left atria that leads to an increased blood flow Tetralogy of Fallot - ANSWER four defects that results to mixed blood flow: Pulmonary Stenosis, VSD, Overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy Surgical Procedure for TOF - ANSWER -shunt placement until able to do primary repair -complete repair during the first year of life Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER interspecific competition - ANSWER individuals of different species compete for same resources in ecosystem biofilm - ANSWER A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) - ANSWER A hole in the septum between the right & left ventricle that results in increased pulmonary blood flow VSD cont' - ANSWER -Loud, harsh murmur is heard during auscultation -heart failure -can close spontaneously at early life quorum sensing - ANSWER The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals. nitrogen fixation - ANSWER process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use 56. A nurse delegates tasks to a licensed practical nurse and an assistive personnel. When admitting a client who is experiencing acute liver failure and who has ascites and an NG tube, which of the following tasks is most appropriate for the nurse to delegate to the LPN? A. Insert an indwelling catheter if the client has not voided in 3 hr B. Obtain the abdominal girth now and every 4 hr C. Assess and document the level of consciousness every hour D. Measure the amount of gastric drainage every 2 hr - ANSWER Insert an indwelling catheter if the client has not voided in 3 hr . A nurse is assessing a client who has a long arm cast. For which of the following findings should the nurse monitor when assessing for acute compartment syndrome A. Edema B. Shortness of breath C. Petechiae D. Change in mental status - ANSWER Edema carbon fixation - ANSWER The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. peptidoglycan - ANSWER A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid gram positive bacteria - ANSWER Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, and no outer membrane, stain purple gram negative bacteria - ANSWER Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer plasma membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain, typically more resistant to antibiotics Staphylococcus - ANSWER a genus of gram-positive bacteria that are potential pathogens, causing local lesions and serious opportunistic infections MRSA - ANSWER methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus Steptococcus - ANSWER Genus of bacteria; commonly known for causing strep throat salmonella - ANSWER a bacterium that occurs mainly in the intestine, especially a serotype causing food poisoning. protozoa - ANSWER animal-like protists intraspecific competition - ANSWER members of the same species compete for limited resources character displacement - ANSWER differences among similar species and co-occur in ecosystems. eg. shapes of bird's beaks niche - ANSWER species in group living under specific conditions competition - ANSWER interaction between organism/species in which both are harmed- limited resources obligate mutualism - ANSWER one organism cannot survive without the other facultative mutualism - ANSWER species derive benefit from each other but not fully dependent- can live without each other flagship species - ANSWER species chosen to raise support for biodiversity conservation carbohydrates - ANSWER Broken down to glucose to provide energy. lipids - ANSWER Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. nucleic acids - ANSWER macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus proteins - ANSWER Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues, made of amino acids enzyme - ANSWER a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. glycolysis - ANSWER first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid citric acid cycle - ANSWER A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. electron transport chain - ANSWER A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. Types of Neurocognitive Disorders - ANSWER -delirium -mild neurocognitive disorder -major neurocognitive disorder Delirium manifestations - ANSWER -impairment of memory, judgement, skills, ability to focus, ability to calculate, which can fluctuate throughout the day. -Disorientation worsen often during the night & early morning -Level of consciousness altered Outcome of Delirium - ANSWER often reversible if diagnosis & treatment of underlying cause is prompt chemiosmosis - ANSWER A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. photosynthesis - ANSWER Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars Causes of Delirium - ANSWER - medically conditions such as infections, malnutrition, depression, electrolyte imbalances, substance us fermentation - ANSWER A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. metabolism - ANSWER the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials fluid mosaic model - ANSWER model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane membrane transport - ANSWER movement of substances into and out of the cell passive transport - ANSWER the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell active transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference; low to high concentration 9. A client who has a diagnosis of complete placenta previa is admitted to the labor and delivery suite at 36 weeks gestation with contractions 5 min in frequency and 1 min in duration. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Rupture the amniotic sac B. Medicate the client for pain C. Prepare the client for a cesarean section D. Perform a vaginal exam - ANSWER Prepare the client for a cesarean section diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 177. A nurse enters a client's room and finds the client lying on the floor in a puddle of water. Which of the following statements should the nurse document in an incident report? A. Client fell out of bed because an assistive personnel left the rails of the bed down B. Client's roommate thinks the client is confused and fell when getting out of bed C. Client appears to have slipped in water but reports no injuries D. Client found lying on the floor near the bedside table - ANSWER Client found lying on the floor near the bedside table 178. A charge nurse on a pediatric unit is making assignments for a float nurse from the medical unit. Which of the following clients is appropriate to assign to the float nurse? A. A 10-year-old client who has pneumonia and is receiving respiratory treatments B. A 4-year-old client who has a Wilms tumor and is receiving chemotherapy C. An 8-month-old client who is scheduled for a surgical repair of a ventricular septal defect tomorrow D. A 14-year-old client who is scheduled for discharge today following placement of a Herrington rod - ANSWER A 10-year-old client who has pneumonia and is receiving respiratory treatments 179. A nurse is preparing to administer vancomycin to a client who has an infected wound. The nurse should plan to monitor for which of the following adverse reactions? A. Hepatotoxicity B. Ototoxicity C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypertension - ANSWER Ototoxicity 180. A nurse is assessing an infant who has water intoxication. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Generalized edema B. Elevated urine specific gravity C. Thready pulse D. Increased hematocrit - ANSWER Thready pulse 1. A home health nurse is conducting an initial home visit for a client who has terminal breast cancer. The client has two school-age children and a limited support system. Which of the following is the priority nursing action? A. Inform the client of available community resources B. Assist the client in finding child care options C. Agree upon short-term goals for the client D. Ask the client about their understanding of the diagnosis - ANSWER Inform the client of available community resources 2. A nurse in an emergency department is assessing a client who has a nasal fracture. Which of the following findings should cause the nurse to suspect a skull fracture? A. Clear fluid drainage from the nares B. Report of pain around the eyes C. Dried blood in the mouth D. Mandibular asymmetry - ANSWER Clear fluid drainage from the nares 3. A nurse in an urgent care clinic is collecting admission history from a client who is at 16 weeks of gestation and has bacterial vaginosis. The nurse should recognize that which of the following clinical findings are associated with this infection? A. Profuse milky white discharge B. Frequency and dysuria C. Low-grade fever D. Hematuria - ANSWER Profuse milky white discharge 4. A nurse is discussing the z-track administration of hydroxyzine with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements indicates the newly licensed nurse understands the purpose of the technique? A. This technique prevents injury to the sciatic nerve B. This technique decreases the risk of subcutaneous infiltration C. This technique allows a larger amount of medication to be injected D. This technique increases the absorption rate of the drug - ANSWER This technique decreases the risk of subcutaneous infiltration 10. A nurse is caring for a full-term newborn immediately following birth. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Instill erythromycin ophthalmic ointment in the newborn's eyes B. Weigh the newborn C. Place identification bracelets on the newborn D. Dry the newborn - ANSWER Dry the newborn 11. A nurse is planning to provide community education about viral hepatitis. Which of the following should the nurse plan to include in the teaching? A. A series of four hepatitis vaccines is recommended to prevent viral hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is transmitted by contaminated food C. Chronic hepatitis can lead to renal cell cancer D. Clients who have a history of viral hepatitis are unable to donate blood - ANSWER Clients who have a history of viral hepatitis are unable to donate blood 12. A nurse in a residential mental health facility is planning care for a new client who has obsessive compulsive disorder. Which of the following is appropriate for the nurse to include in the plan of care? A. Work with the client to create a flexible daily schedule B. Gradually decrease the time allowed for ritualistic behavior C. Offer solutions to assist in problem solving D. Teach the client to meditate about obsessive thoughts - ANSWER Work with the client to create a flexible daily schedule 13. A nurse is assessing an adult male who has a BMI of 20. The nurse should identify that the client's BMI falls within which of the following categories? A. Healthy weight B. Malnutrition C. Overweight D. Obesity - ANSWER Malnutrition 14. A nurse is caring for a client who is nulliparous and in the first stage of labor. The last internal assessment revealed 100% cervical effacement with 5 cm of dilation. At the end of the last contraction, the nurse observes a large gush of fluid coming out of the client's perineal area. Which of the following is a priority action by the nurse? A. Perform another internal exam B. Notify the client's provider C. Check the FHR D. Obtain a pH test of the fluid - ANSWER Check the FHR 15. A nurse is creating a plan of care for a client who has anorexia nervosa. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? A. Encourage the client to gain 2.3 kg per week B. Weigh the client once per week throughout hospitalization C. Monitor the client for 1 hr after meals D. Allow the client to choose meal times - ANSWER I think its D 16. A nurse is performing a skin assessment on a client who has risk factors for development of skin cancer. The nurse should understand that a suspicious lesion is A. Asymmetric, with variegated coloring B. Scaly and red C. Brown, with a wart-like texture D. Firm and rubbery - ANSWER Asymmetric, with variegated coloring 17. A nurse is assessing a client's internal eye structures with an ophthalmoscope. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Position the examination light toward the client's face B. Stand on the right side of the client when examining the left eye C. Dim the lights in the room prior to the examination D. Place the ophthalmoscope directly against the client's forehead - ANSWER Dim the lights in the room prior to the examination 18. A nurse is observing a newly licensed nurse irrigate a client's wound. Which of the following actions should the nurse identify as an indication that the newly licensed nurse understands wound irrigation? A. Cleanses the wound with povidone-iodine with cotton balls B. Administers PO analgesia 20 min prior to irrigation C. Warms the irrigation solution in the microwave oven prior to application D. Irrigates the wound from the top to the bottom - ANSWER Administers PO analgesia 20 minutes prior to irrigation 19. A nurse is planning care for a child who has increased intracranial pressure with a decrease in level of consciousness. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A. Perform active range-of-motion exercises B. Maintain the head at a midline position C. Suction the airway frequently D. Perform neurological checks every 4 hrs - ANSWER Maintain the head at a midline position