Module 2 Patho
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What are the primary functions of and need for cellular adaptation?
Protect the cells from injury
Is cellular adaptation always a positive thing?
Not always a positive thing
-adaptive mechanisms that protect cells from injury while others result in cellular injury and cell
death.
What manifestations occur in cellular injury?
Accumulations of substances, changes in transport of substances across the cell membrane(
water /electrolytes) , changes in lipids, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, and production of
abnormal amounts of waste.
Does cell aging occur through complex mechanisms? True, many of the process will lead
to new treatments for common diseases
What is cellular adaptation? a reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or
physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions
What are several ways of cellular adaption?
Atrophy- Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy-Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- Increase in cell #
Metaplasia-Reversible replacement of one mature cell type to another less mature cell type or a
change in phenotype
Dysplasia-Deranged cellular growth( atypical hyperplasia)
Whats the process of Atrophy?
Cell shrinkage can be the result of normal physiologic aging
-The atrophy of the thymus gland in early human development and withdrawal of growth factors
in breast tissue after estrogen levels decline with menopause.
Can disuse atrophy occur after immobilization?True
What is Pathologic Atrophy? Occurs as a result of decrease workload or use ( immobilization of
lower extremities), blood supply ( stroke) , Nutrition( protein deficit), hormonal stimulation (
testicular disease, or neural stimulation( spinal cord damage).
What are some of the changes that happen during atrophy?
Decrease # of cell organelles, proteins, and other cell stimulates.
One of the most important processes in atrophy is?
Catabolism of proteins occurs when the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. ( deregulation of this
pathway that leads to the profound wasting called ( Cachexia).
What is an Atrophy rapid change?
Hydrolytic enzymes ( isolated autographic vowel to prevent uncontrolled cellular destruction.
What is Hypertrophy?
Tissues increased workload, stress, or injury growth factors are increased.
Example: High blood pressure( hypertension)
How do nondividing tissues correlate to hypertrophy?
The growth factors stimulate cellular hypertrophy where the size of cell is increased.
How do myocardial cells adapt to hypertrophy?
, Module 2 Patho
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https://quizlet.com/937496307/module-2-pathophysiology-flash-cards/?i=4mllto&x=1jqt)
The myocardial cells in the left ventricle adapt through hypertrophy due to an increased
workload.
What do cardiac myocytes do?
Synthesizes more proteins and intracellular organs increase in size.
What can be released due to high BP?
Insulin ( growth factor) -1 is released
What is an example of a growth factor in hypertrophy?
Angiotensin II
Due to hypertrophy, can the strength of the heart muscle temporarily lead to organ damage (
overtime) ?
True
What is hyperplasia? In dividing cells, growth factors stimulate cell division, the # of cells
increase
What are two forms of Physiologic hyperplasia?
Compensatory hyperplasia
Hormonal hyperplasia
What is Compensatory Hyperplasia?
Occurs when growth factors stimulate cell division in response to tissue loss
What is Hormonal Hyperplasia?
Occurs when hormone-responsive cells undergo cell division when hormone stimulation
increases ( in puberty)
Example: Breasts, uterus, and prostate.
What is Pathologic Hyperplasia?
AN abnormal increase in cell division resulting from tissue injury or excessive hormonal
stimulation
- Considered as a precursor to Metaplasia, Dysplasia, and Neoplasia( cancer)
What does Pathologic Hyperplasia look like?
Clumps of dividing cells in the forms of nodules in an affected organ.
A benign prostatic hyperplasia consists of what cells? Epithelial and stromal cells in the
formation of grossly visible nodules.
What is Dysplasia?
Dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive process, but it is related to hyperplasia.
What do you call it when a pathologic hyperplasia is complicated by cells of abnormal size ,
shape, or organization?
Atypical hyperplasia or dysplasia
Where is a common site for dysplasia to be located?
Cervix , due to a subjected chronic inflammation /infection
Ex: Human papillomavirus
Where is dysplasia detected usually?
Papanicolaou( PAP) smear , cervical dysplasia
What is CIN I ?
Mild dysplasia ( a few cells are abnormal)
(Username)
https://quizlet.com/937496307/module-2-pathophysiology-flash-cards/?i=4mllto&x=1jqt)
What are the primary functions of and need for cellular adaptation?
Protect the cells from injury
Is cellular adaptation always a positive thing?
Not always a positive thing
-adaptive mechanisms that protect cells from injury while others result in cellular injury and cell
death.
What manifestations occur in cellular injury?
Accumulations of substances, changes in transport of substances across the cell membrane(
water /electrolytes) , changes in lipids, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, and production of
abnormal amounts of waste.
Does cell aging occur through complex mechanisms? True, many of the process will lead
to new treatments for common diseases
What is cellular adaptation? a reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or
physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions
What are several ways of cellular adaption?
Atrophy- Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy-Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- Increase in cell #
Metaplasia-Reversible replacement of one mature cell type to another less mature cell type or a
change in phenotype
Dysplasia-Deranged cellular growth( atypical hyperplasia)
Whats the process of Atrophy?
Cell shrinkage can be the result of normal physiologic aging
-The atrophy of the thymus gland in early human development and withdrawal of growth factors
in breast tissue after estrogen levels decline with menopause.
Can disuse atrophy occur after immobilization?True
What is Pathologic Atrophy? Occurs as a result of decrease workload or use ( immobilization of
lower extremities), blood supply ( stroke) , Nutrition( protein deficit), hormonal stimulation (
testicular disease, or neural stimulation( spinal cord damage).
What are some of the changes that happen during atrophy?
Decrease # of cell organelles, proteins, and other cell stimulates.
One of the most important processes in atrophy is?
Catabolism of proteins occurs when the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. ( deregulation of this
pathway that leads to the profound wasting called ( Cachexia).
What is an Atrophy rapid change?
Hydrolytic enzymes ( isolated autographic vowel to prevent uncontrolled cellular destruction.
What is Hypertrophy?
Tissues increased workload, stress, or injury growth factors are increased.
Example: High blood pressure( hypertension)
How do nondividing tissues correlate to hypertrophy?
The growth factors stimulate cellular hypertrophy where the size of cell is increased.
How do myocardial cells adapt to hypertrophy?
, Module 2 Patho
(Username)
https://quizlet.com/937496307/module-2-pathophysiology-flash-cards/?i=4mllto&x=1jqt)
The myocardial cells in the left ventricle adapt through hypertrophy due to an increased
workload.
What do cardiac myocytes do?
Synthesizes more proteins and intracellular organs increase in size.
What can be released due to high BP?
Insulin ( growth factor) -1 is released
What is an example of a growth factor in hypertrophy?
Angiotensin II
Due to hypertrophy, can the strength of the heart muscle temporarily lead to organ damage (
overtime) ?
True
What is hyperplasia? In dividing cells, growth factors stimulate cell division, the # of cells
increase
What are two forms of Physiologic hyperplasia?
Compensatory hyperplasia
Hormonal hyperplasia
What is Compensatory Hyperplasia?
Occurs when growth factors stimulate cell division in response to tissue loss
What is Hormonal Hyperplasia?
Occurs when hormone-responsive cells undergo cell division when hormone stimulation
increases ( in puberty)
Example: Breasts, uterus, and prostate.
What is Pathologic Hyperplasia?
AN abnormal increase in cell division resulting from tissue injury or excessive hormonal
stimulation
- Considered as a precursor to Metaplasia, Dysplasia, and Neoplasia( cancer)
What does Pathologic Hyperplasia look like?
Clumps of dividing cells in the forms of nodules in an affected organ.
A benign prostatic hyperplasia consists of what cells? Epithelial and stromal cells in the
formation of grossly visible nodules.
What is Dysplasia?
Dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive process, but it is related to hyperplasia.
What do you call it when a pathologic hyperplasia is complicated by cells of abnormal size ,
shape, or organization?
Atypical hyperplasia or dysplasia
Where is a common site for dysplasia to be located?
Cervix , due to a subjected chronic inflammation /infection
Ex: Human papillomavirus
Where is dysplasia detected usually?
Papanicolaou( PAP) smear , cervical dysplasia
What is CIN I ?
Mild dysplasia ( a few cells are abnormal)
