HESI/Saunders Module 7 Basic Care and
Comfort Exam 2025-2026
A client has been diagnosed with a bladder infection. When developing a
plan of care, which level of impairment would the nurse be most concerned
the client has developed a kidney infection?
a. Urethra
b. Nephron
c. Glomerulus
d. Ureterovesical junction - Answer d. Ureterovesical junction
Rationale: The ureterovesical junction is the site the ureters enter the
bladder. At this junction, the ureter courses obliquely for 1.5 to 2 cm
through the bladder wall before opening into the bladder. This course
prevents the backflow of urine into the ureter, acting in effect, as a one-way
valve to block the backing up of urine into the ureter and travelling up to the
kidney. The urethra extends from the bladder to the opening of the body
where urine is excreted. The kidneys contain the nephrons and glomeruli.
For a client receiving care from the nurse, the client's urine output was 25
mL for 2 hours consecutively. When developing a plan of care, the nurse
determines that the following clientrelated factors enhance renal blood
flow.
a. Physiologic stress
b. Dopamine release
c. Norepinephrine release
d. Sympathetic nervous system activation - Answer b. Dopamine release
Rationale: Release of dopamine exerts a vasodilating effect on the renal
arteries, improving renal function and increases urine flow. The factors set
forth in the other options result in renal vasoconstriction.
A nurse is caring for an older adult client. When planning care, which
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, occurrence does the nurse recognize as part of the normal aging process?
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, a. Tubular reabsorption increases.
b. Urine-concentrating ability increases.
c. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced.
d. More medications are metabolized. - Answer c. Glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) is reduced.
Rationale: With normal aging, the GFR declines, just as all the other
functional renal capacities do. The kidneys' ability to metabolize
medications is reduced. Tubular reabsorption and urine-concentrating
ability also decline.
An adult client calls the call bell and asks the nurse to assist him/her to the
bathroom to void. The nurse assists the client. The nurse can approximate
the client has approximately how many mL in the bladder if the client is
feeling a sensation of fullness?
a. 100 mL
b. 250 mL
c. 400 mL
d. 800 mL - Answer c. 400 mL
Rationale: The client will feel the need to void with approximately 400 mL of
urine in the bladder. This is altered by habit and is therefore slightly
different from one person to another, but the other choices are still
incorrect.
A client is receiving a potassium-retaining diuretic and has a serum potassium
level of
5.8 mEq/L (5.8 mmol/L). The nurse identifies that the kidneys will respond to
this through which physiological response?
a. Increased sodium retention
b. Increased sodium excretion
c. Increased glucose retention
d. Increased magnesium excretion - Answerb. Increased sodium excretion
Rationale: A serum potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L (5.8 mmol/L) is elevated and
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, represents potassium retention associated with the use of the potassium-
retaining diuretic. When potassium is retained, more sodium is excreted by
the kidney. The other options do not correctly reflect a relationship
between these two electrolytes.
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Comfort Exam 2025-2026
A client has been diagnosed with a bladder infection. When developing a
plan of care, which level of impairment would the nurse be most concerned
the client has developed a kidney infection?
a. Urethra
b. Nephron
c. Glomerulus
d. Ureterovesical junction - Answer d. Ureterovesical junction
Rationale: The ureterovesical junction is the site the ureters enter the
bladder. At this junction, the ureter courses obliquely for 1.5 to 2 cm
through the bladder wall before opening into the bladder. This course
prevents the backflow of urine into the ureter, acting in effect, as a one-way
valve to block the backing up of urine into the ureter and travelling up to the
kidney. The urethra extends from the bladder to the opening of the body
where urine is excreted. The kidneys contain the nephrons and glomeruli.
For a client receiving care from the nurse, the client's urine output was 25
mL for 2 hours consecutively. When developing a plan of care, the nurse
determines that the following clientrelated factors enhance renal blood
flow.
a. Physiologic stress
b. Dopamine release
c. Norepinephrine release
d. Sympathetic nervous system activation - Answer b. Dopamine release
Rationale: Release of dopamine exerts a vasodilating effect on the renal
arteries, improving renal function and increases urine flow. The factors set
forth in the other options result in renal vasoconstriction.
A nurse is caring for an older adult client. When planning care, which
To get this or any other Exam contact ()
, occurrence does the nurse recognize as part of the normal aging process?
To get this or any other Exam contact ()
, a. Tubular reabsorption increases.
b. Urine-concentrating ability increases.
c. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced.
d. More medications are metabolized. - Answer c. Glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) is reduced.
Rationale: With normal aging, the GFR declines, just as all the other
functional renal capacities do. The kidneys' ability to metabolize
medications is reduced. Tubular reabsorption and urine-concentrating
ability also decline.
An adult client calls the call bell and asks the nurse to assist him/her to the
bathroom to void. The nurse assists the client. The nurse can approximate
the client has approximately how many mL in the bladder if the client is
feeling a sensation of fullness?
a. 100 mL
b. 250 mL
c. 400 mL
d. 800 mL - Answer c. 400 mL
Rationale: The client will feel the need to void with approximately 400 mL of
urine in the bladder. This is altered by habit and is therefore slightly
different from one person to another, but the other choices are still
incorrect.
A client is receiving a potassium-retaining diuretic and has a serum potassium
level of
5.8 mEq/L (5.8 mmol/L). The nurse identifies that the kidneys will respond to
this through which physiological response?
a. Increased sodium retention
b. Increased sodium excretion
c. Increased glucose retention
d. Increased magnesium excretion - Answerb. Increased sodium excretion
Rationale: A serum potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L (5.8 mmol/L) is elevated and
To get this or any other Exam contact ()
, represents potassium retention associated with the use of the potassium-
retaining diuretic. When potassium is retained, more sodium is excreted by
the kidney. The other options do not correctly reflect a relationship
between these two electrolytes.
To get this or any other Exam contact ()
