©FYNDLAY.
SPHU 1020 Exam 1 Study Guide.
Public health - Answers✔the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the
community or of a population
Host factors - Answers✔susceptibility
1. biological
2. genetic
3.lifestyle
Agents - Answers✔1. single cause, not vectors
Environmental factors - Answers✔1. exposure
2. living conditions
Central to host factors, agents, and environmental factors - Answers✔vectors
Vector function - Answers✔1. blood of infected host
2. plasmodium parasites picked up
- undergo lifecycle development in vector host (mosquito)
3. Plasmodium stored in salivary glands
4. Transmitted to next person
Risk Factor - Answers✔any factor representing a greater risk of a health disorder (or other
unwanted conditions or events)
ex: low SES, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking
Determinants of health - Answers✔factors that affect health. can work in combination can affect
individual or population health.
1. biological
2. behavioral
3. socialo - cultural
Categories of health determinants - Answers✔1. human biology and genetics
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
2. behavior and lifestyle
3. social
4. environmental
5. healthcare
1. Human biology - Answers✔Biological and genetic factors that affect health.
Risk indicators: (non-modifiable markers) age, sex, genetic, race, geography
Risk factors: (can be modified) obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, AIDS, stress
2. Lifestyle and Behavior - Answers✔behavior (lifestyle) factors that affect health, personal
health practices and coping skills
(nutrition, smoking, coping, child rearing, harm reduction, etc.)
3. Environmental factors - Answers✔Natural and manmade: water, air, vehicles, noise
machinery, food, radiation, occupational, housing, climate, toxic waste, disasters
4. Socioeconomic - Answers✔Economy and Public health. Dramatic decline in the infectious
diseases in 19th and early 20th centuries occurred in the absence of effective medical therapy.
The introduction of healthcare systems in western societies had done little to reduce health
inequalities. Longitudinal work on the role of healthcare
Mckeown - Answers✔examined reductions in mortality in the UK during the past two centuries
from the principle infectious diseases. He showed that while healthcare wasn't unimportant, the
steady decline in mortality began largely prior to the development of effective medical therapies.
Role of nutrition , socioeconomic status as a determinant of health. Decreased mortality with
increased prosperity and the increased standard of living resulting primarily from the industrial
revolution
5. Economic growth and prosperity: income spread and health - Answers✔Japan best illustrates
the relationship between narrow income spreads and improved overall health. Between 1965 and
1990 it leaped ahead of all of the industrialized countries despite increased smoking rates and fat.
Life expectancy increased by more than 10 years. Equitable income distribution
Evolution of Disease - Answers✔Etiological agents of disease include communicable
(infectious) and non-communicable (non-infectious)
Pathogenesis - Answers✔Describes mechanisms involved in the development of disease in the
body. Describes how etiological agents produce the clinical manifestations of the disease
Natural History of Disease - Answers✔The natural course of the disease if no medical
intervention is done (outcomes may be different for different diseases and also depends on host
factors)
2
, ©FYNDLAY.
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment - Answers✔1932-1972 40 year USPHS studies the effects of
untreated syphilis in black men in Alabama. They were sharecroppers who were given healthcare
for everything but the syphilis.
Disease States and Definitions - Answers✔Clinical manifestations of disease. Symptoms and
signs
Lesion of disease - Answers✔May be visible to the naked eye (gross lesions) or only visible
through the microscope (histological lesions usually seen through biopsies.
Acute Disease - Answers✔Usually occur in a short period of time, have distinct clinical features
and resolves in a short period of time
Chronic disease - Answers✔evolves over a long period of time, may not have distinct clinical
symptoms and signs and persists for a long period of time
Incidence - Answers✔The total number of new cases in a specified population over a specific
period of time
Prevalence - Answers✔Total number of existing cases in a population
Point Prevalence - Answers✔Prevalence at a specific time point
Period Prevalence - Answers✔prevalence during a period of time
Morbidity - Answers✔# of people that get the disease
Mortality - Answers✔# of people that die of the disease
Endemic - Answers✔A disease that persists for all or most of the time in the population
Epidemic - Answers✔A large # of cases in a short period of time, an outbreak that becomes
widespread
Pandemic - Answers✔Epidemic across borders (SARS, Flu)
Host, agent, environment model - Answers✔Outdated public health model
Genes, external agency, internal agency, and aging - Answers✔Better public health model.
Differentiated the agencies which are practically approachable. The root cause of both disease
and health involve multiple agencies. It is from biological factors that the functional wellbeing of
the organism derives as the final common pathway to health
Zimmerman's law - Answers✔No one notices issues when things are going right (Causitive
features that underlie health remain largely unexplored)
Genes as a determinant - Answers✔30,000 genome touted as the ultimate determinant. It
represents only restricted arbiters of health whose repertoire depends on differential cueing. Most
exhibit mosaic patterns. Significance lies in their interactions with other components of health.
3
SPHU 1020 Exam 1 Study Guide.
Public health - Answers✔the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the
community or of a population
Host factors - Answers✔susceptibility
1. biological
2. genetic
3.lifestyle
Agents - Answers✔1. single cause, not vectors
Environmental factors - Answers✔1. exposure
2. living conditions
Central to host factors, agents, and environmental factors - Answers✔vectors
Vector function - Answers✔1. blood of infected host
2. plasmodium parasites picked up
- undergo lifecycle development in vector host (mosquito)
3. Plasmodium stored in salivary glands
4. Transmitted to next person
Risk Factor - Answers✔any factor representing a greater risk of a health disorder (or other
unwanted conditions or events)
ex: low SES, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking
Determinants of health - Answers✔factors that affect health. can work in combination can affect
individual or population health.
1. biological
2. behavioral
3. socialo - cultural
Categories of health determinants - Answers✔1. human biology and genetics
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
2. behavior and lifestyle
3. social
4. environmental
5. healthcare
1. Human biology - Answers✔Biological and genetic factors that affect health.
Risk indicators: (non-modifiable markers) age, sex, genetic, race, geography
Risk factors: (can be modified) obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, AIDS, stress
2. Lifestyle and Behavior - Answers✔behavior (lifestyle) factors that affect health, personal
health practices and coping skills
(nutrition, smoking, coping, child rearing, harm reduction, etc.)
3. Environmental factors - Answers✔Natural and manmade: water, air, vehicles, noise
machinery, food, radiation, occupational, housing, climate, toxic waste, disasters
4. Socioeconomic - Answers✔Economy and Public health. Dramatic decline in the infectious
diseases in 19th and early 20th centuries occurred in the absence of effective medical therapy.
The introduction of healthcare systems in western societies had done little to reduce health
inequalities. Longitudinal work on the role of healthcare
Mckeown - Answers✔examined reductions in mortality in the UK during the past two centuries
from the principle infectious diseases. He showed that while healthcare wasn't unimportant, the
steady decline in mortality began largely prior to the development of effective medical therapies.
Role of nutrition , socioeconomic status as a determinant of health. Decreased mortality with
increased prosperity and the increased standard of living resulting primarily from the industrial
revolution
5. Economic growth and prosperity: income spread and health - Answers✔Japan best illustrates
the relationship between narrow income spreads and improved overall health. Between 1965 and
1990 it leaped ahead of all of the industrialized countries despite increased smoking rates and fat.
Life expectancy increased by more than 10 years. Equitable income distribution
Evolution of Disease - Answers✔Etiological agents of disease include communicable
(infectious) and non-communicable (non-infectious)
Pathogenesis - Answers✔Describes mechanisms involved in the development of disease in the
body. Describes how etiological agents produce the clinical manifestations of the disease
Natural History of Disease - Answers✔The natural course of the disease if no medical
intervention is done (outcomes may be different for different diseases and also depends on host
factors)
2
, ©FYNDLAY.
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment - Answers✔1932-1972 40 year USPHS studies the effects of
untreated syphilis in black men in Alabama. They were sharecroppers who were given healthcare
for everything but the syphilis.
Disease States and Definitions - Answers✔Clinical manifestations of disease. Symptoms and
signs
Lesion of disease - Answers✔May be visible to the naked eye (gross lesions) or only visible
through the microscope (histological lesions usually seen through biopsies.
Acute Disease - Answers✔Usually occur in a short period of time, have distinct clinical features
and resolves in a short period of time
Chronic disease - Answers✔evolves over a long period of time, may not have distinct clinical
symptoms and signs and persists for a long period of time
Incidence - Answers✔The total number of new cases in a specified population over a specific
period of time
Prevalence - Answers✔Total number of existing cases in a population
Point Prevalence - Answers✔Prevalence at a specific time point
Period Prevalence - Answers✔prevalence during a period of time
Morbidity - Answers✔# of people that get the disease
Mortality - Answers✔# of people that die of the disease
Endemic - Answers✔A disease that persists for all or most of the time in the population
Epidemic - Answers✔A large # of cases in a short period of time, an outbreak that becomes
widespread
Pandemic - Answers✔Epidemic across borders (SARS, Flu)
Host, agent, environment model - Answers✔Outdated public health model
Genes, external agency, internal agency, and aging - Answers✔Better public health model.
Differentiated the agencies which are practically approachable. The root cause of both disease
and health involve multiple agencies. It is from biological factors that the functional wellbeing of
the organism derives as the final common pathway to health
Zimmerman's law - Answers✔No one notices issues when things are going right (Causitive
features that underlie health remain largely unexplored)
Genes as a determinant - Answers✔30,000 genome touted as the ultimate determinant. It
represents only restricted arbiters of health whose repertoire depends on differential cueing. Most
exhibit mosaic patterns. Significance lies in their interactions with other components of health.
3
