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ABGC Exam Prep Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
Advanced Empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Used to go below the surface of a conversation
Reflection of things not directly stated
Includes reframing and interpretation
confrontation - ANSWER ✔✔-Asking the client to see things differently
Use it for the client's advantage
Rogerian Counseling: Person-First Counseling - ANSWER ✔✔-Unconditional positive regard
Be genuine
Show empathy, warmth, and caring
Be calm
Therapeutic alliance/ dignity and respect
Empathy
Collaboration
Positive regard
Shared goal setting/information sharing/active participation
What is non-directiveness? - ANSWER ✔✔-Genetic counseling is nondirective and aims to explain the
facts as clearly as possible, giving the client and their family accurate information regarding options in a
way which they can understand. Allow the client to make up their own mind.
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
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Primary Empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Purpose: lowers client anxiety, keeps the patient talking
Content level: surface level content
Effect on client: reassures the client
Client relationship: clarifies and builds trust
Timing: may occur throughout the session
Reflects the client's point of view
Primary empathy consists of:
Minimal encouragers: feeling reflection
Paraphrasing: use your own words to capture the essence of what a patient is sharing
Summarizing: longer than paraphrase - good for transition and ending a session
Content reflection: reflection of the feelings of the story
advanced empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Purpose: counselor response goes beyond what the client expresses
and goes into inner thoughts and feelings, usually occurs late in a session
Content level: deals with hidden, implied content and affect
Effect on the client: challenges client
Client relationship: additive to client's explicit expressions
Timing: used sparingly
Reflects the counselor's point of view
Pay attention to nonverbal cues, point out recurring themes, make connections, point out alternatives,
develop logical progression for the client
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
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Analytic validity - ANSWER ✔✔-how accurately and reliably the test measures genotype of interest
Clinical validity - ANSWER ✔✔-how consistently and accurately the test detects or predicts the final
outcome
I.e. if the test detects a mutation, how well can we predict the phenotype
Clinical utility - ANSWER ✔✔-how likely the test is to significantly improve outcome
Locus heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-mutations in different genes can cause similar/identical phenotype
Allelic heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-different mutations in the same gene can cause similar/identical
phenotype
Phenotypic heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-different mutations within the same gene can cause very
different phenotypes
Robertsonian Translocation - ANSWER ✔✔-between two acrocentric chromosomes; both chroms lose p
arm and get stuck together
1:1,000 individuals are balanced rob trans carriers - most common chrom rearrangement
13q14q and 14q21q most common
33% theoretical risk of an abnormal gamete - empirical risk is different for different rob trans
Increased risk of trisomy of involved chroms
Increased risk of UPD if trisomy rescue occurs
Reciprocal Translocation - ANSWER ✔✔-breakage or recombination involving non-homologous
chromosomes
1:500 individuals are balanced carriers
At risk for multiple miscarriages and abnormal offspring
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
Generally about 11% risk for unbalanced segregation
Empiric data - ascertainment dependent
Previous unbalanced child: 20% RR
Previous multiple SABs: 3-4% RR
Pericentric Inversion - ANSWER ✔✔-Includes the centromere
Can produce both balanced and unbalanced
The longer the inversion segment, the increased chance of viable, but abnormal offspring
Paracentric Inversion - ANSWER ✔✔-Does not include centromere
Most result in non-viable offspring when recombination within the inversion occurs
Malformation - ANSWER ✔✔-structural differences that arise from a primary error (often genetic) in
morphogenesis or development
Usually occur in embryonic period; failure to form organ/tissue or incomplete or incorrect formation
Deformation - ANSWER ✔✔-an alteration in shape/structure of body part that formed normally - caused
by non-disruptive mechanical forces (external forces) ex: potter sequence d/t oligohydramnios
Ex: fetal movement restricted d/t twins/oligohydramnios
Disruption - ANSWER ✔✔-structural defect resulting from destruction of a body part that has
differentiated normally - ex: amniotic bands
Secondary defect that arises from an obstructive process, usually early in pregnancy
Usually sporadic with low RR
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
ABGC Exam Prep Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
Advanced Empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Used to go below the surface of a conversation
Reflection of things not directly stated
Includes reframing and interpretation
confrontation - ANSWER ✔✔-Asking the client to see things differently
Use it for the client's advantage
Rogerian Counseling: Person-First Counseling - ANSWER ✔✔-Unconditional positive regard
Be genuine
Show empathy, warmth, and caring
Be calm
Therapeutic alliance/ dignity and respect
Empathy
Collaboration
Positive regard
Shared goal setting/information sharing/active participation
What is non-directiveness? - ANSWER ✔✔-Genetic counseling is nondirective and aims to explain the
facts as clearly as possible, giving the client and their family accurate information regarding options in a
way which they can understand. Allow the client to make up their own mind.
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
Primary Empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Purpose: lowers client anxiety, keeps the patient talking
Content level: surface level content
Effect on client: reassures the client
Client relationship: clarifies and builds trust
Timing: may occur throughout the session
Reflects the client's point of view
Primary empathy consists of:
Minimal encouragers: feeling reflection
Paraphrasing: use your own words to capture the essence of what a patient is sharing
Summarizing: longer than paraphrase - good for transition and ending a session
Content reflection: reflection of the feelings of the story
advanced empathy - ANSWER ✔✔-Purpose: counselor response goes beyond what the client expresses
and goes into inner thoughts and feelings, usually occurs late in a session
Content level: deals with hidden, implied content and affect
Effect on the client: challenges client
Client relationship: additive to client's explicit expressions
Timing: used sparingly
Reflects the counselor's point of view
Pay attention to nonverbal cues, point out recurring themes, make connections, point out alternatives,
develop logical progression for the client
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
Analytic validity - ANSWER ✔✔-how accurately and reliably the test measures genotype of interest
Clinical validity - ANSWER ✔✔-how consistently and accurately the test detects or predicts the final
outcome
I.e. if the test detects a mutation, how well can we predict the phenotype
Clinical utility - ANSWER ✔✔-how likely the test is to significantly improve outcome
Locus heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-mutations in different genes can cause similar/identical phenotype
Allelic heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-different mutations in the same gene can cause similar/identical
phenotype
Phenotypic heterogeneity - ANSWER ✔✔-different mutations within the same gene can cause very
different phenotypes
Robertsonian Translocation - ANSWER ✔✔-between two acrocentric chromosomes; both chroms lose p
arm and get stuck together
1:1,000 individuals are balanced rob trans carriers - most common chrom rearrangement
13q14q and 14q21q most common
33% theoretical risk of an abnormal gamete - empirical risk is different for different rob trans
Increased risk of trisomy of involved chroms
Increased risk of UPD if trisomy rescue occurs
Reciprocal Translocation - ANSWER ✔✔-breakage or recombination involving non-homologous
chromosomes
1:500 individuals are balanced carriers
At risk for multiple miscarriages and abnormal offspring
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
Generally about 11% risk for unbalanced segregation
Empiric data - ascertainment dependent
Previous unbalanced child: 20% RR
Previous multiple SABs: 3-4% RR
Pericentric Inversion - ANSWER ✔✔-Includes the centromere
Can produce both balanced and unbalanced
The longer the inversion segment, the increased chance of viable, but abnormal offspring
Paracentric Inversion - ANSWER ✔✔-Does not include centromere
Most result in non-viable offspring when recombination within the inversion occurs
Malformation - ANSWER ✔✔-structural differences that arise from a primary error (often genetic) in
morphogenesis or development
Usually occur in embryonic period; failure to form organ/tissue or incomplete or incorrect formation
Deformation - ANSWER ✔✔-an alteration in shape/structure of body part that formed normally - caused
by non-disruptive mechanical forces (external forces) ex: potter sequence d/t oligohydramnios
Ex: fetal movement restricted d/t twins/oligohydramnios
Disruption - ANSWER ✔✔-structural defect resulting from destruction of a body part that has
differentiated normally - ex: amniotic bands
Secondary defect that arises from an obstructive process, usually early in pregnancy
Usually sporadic with low RR
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
