Examl2:lNU606/lNUl606l(NewlUpdate)l
AdvancedlPathophysiologylReview|lQsl&lAs|
lGradelA|l100%lCorrectl(VerifiedlAnswers)l
–lRegis
QUESTION
Explainlwhatlislmeantlbyltheltermlsuperinfection.lWhatltypeloflmicroorganismloftenlcauseslsup
erinfections?lExplainlhowlthislhappens.
Answer:
alsecondarylorlnewlinfectionlbylpathogenslthatlresultslfromldisruptionlorlreductionloflthelnorm
allresidentlfloralbylantimicrobialldrugs
QUESTION
Describelsomeloflthelpotentialladverseleffectslassociatedlwithltheluseloflantibacterialldrugs.
Answer:
allergiclreactions,lanaphylaxis,ldisruptionloflresidentlflora,lsecondarylinfections
QUESTION
Whatlisltheldifferencelbetweenlalsuperinfectionlandlanlopportunisticlinfection?
Answer:
Alsuperinfectionloccurslonlylduringltreatmentlwithlantimicrobiallagents.lAnlopportunisticlinfect
ionloccurslinlanlindividuallwithldecreasedlimmunity.lBothlarelusuallylcausedlbylfungilorlbylba
cterialthatlarelpartloflthelnormallresidentlfloralorlwhenlresidentlfloralfromlonelarealoflthelbodyl
arelintroducedltolanotherlarealcausinglanlinfectionlthere.
,QUESTION
Whenlislitlappropriatelforlalphysicianltolprescribelalnarrow-spectrumlantibacterialldrug?
Answer:
whenlthelidentityloflthelbacteriumlislknown;lafterlculturelandlsensitivitylhavelbeenlcompleted
QUESTION
Iflanlantibacterialldruglislbacteriostaticlratherlthanlbactericidal,lhowldoeslthelindividualleverlde
stroylthelinfectinglmicroorganism?
Answer:
Theldruglpreventslreplicationloflthelbacteria,ltherebylkeepinglthelnumberloflbacterialconstant—
thelbody'slownldefensivelcellslwillldestroylthelorganism.
QUESTION
Whenlwouldlthelprescriptionloflalbacteriostaticldruglnotlbeladvisable?
Answer:
iflthelindividuallwaslimmunosuppressedl(e.g.,lorganltransplantlrecipient)lorlimmunodeficientl(e.
g.,lsomeonelwithlAIDS)
QUESTION
Explainlhowlthelmisuselorloveruseloflantibacteriallagentslcouldlleadltoltheldevelopmentloflbact
eriallresistance.
Answer:
Bacterialadaptland/orlmutateltoldeveloplvariouslmeanslofllosingldruglsensitivity;lexcessivelorlu
nnecessaryluselofldrugslprovideslalstimuluslforlsuchladaptation.
,QUESTION
Iflantibacterialldrugslarelnotleffectivelinltheltreatmentloflvirallinfections,lwhylareltheyloftenlpre
scribedlforlindividualslwithlchroniclvirallinfectionslsuchlaslhepatitislB,lhepatitislC,lorlHIV?
Answer:
becauseltheylmaylreducelthelrisklforlsecondarylbacteriallinfection
QUESTION
Identifylguidelineslthatlanlindividuallshouldlfollowltolmaximizeltheleffectsloflantibacteriallmed
ications.
Answer:
Theldruglshouldlbeltakenlregularlylaccordingltolthelprescription.lTheldruglshouldlbeltakenluntil
lthelprescriptionlislcompletelylused.lFollowlinstructionslregardinglfoodlorlfluidlintake.lProvidel
algoodlmedicallhistory,lincludinglknownldruglallergies.
QUESTION
Explainlwhylitlhaslbeenldifficultltoldeveloplantiviralldrugs.
Answer:
Becauselviruseslarelobligatelintracellularlparasites,laldruglthatldestroyslviruseslwouldlalsoldestr
oylthelhostlcell.
QUESTION
RuleloflNines
Answer:
methodlusedltolcalculatelthelamountloflfluidllostlaslthelresultloflalburn;ldivideslthelbodylintol1
1lareas,leachlaccountinglforl9%lofltheltotallbodylarea
, QUESTION
Whatlislalcelllsurfacelantigen?lWhylislitlimportant?
Answer:
Alcelllsurfacelantigenlislaluniquelproteinlorlglycoproteinlconfigurationlthatlislaldistinctivelmark
erlforlthelrecognitionloflalcelllbylthelimmunelsystem.lItlprovideslthelmeanslbylwhichlthelimmu
nelsystemldistinguisheslselflfromlnonself.lItlislimportantlbecauselitlprovideslforltheldetectionla
ndlidentificationlofl"nonself"lbylthelimmunelsystem.lThisldifferentiationlunderlieslthelhostldefe
nselagainstlinfectionlandlotherlforeignlantigens,landlitlformslthelbasislforlselectionloflcompatibl
elorganslandltissueslforltransplantation.
QUESTION
Whatlislthelmajorlhistocompatibilitylcomplexl(MHC),landlhowlislitlrelatedltolthelhumanlleukoc
ytelantigensl(HLAs)?
Answer:
Thelmajorlhistocompatibilitylcomplexl(MHC)lcelllmembranelantigenslarelmoleculeslthatlarelsp
ecificlforleachlindividual.lThelHLAlislthelhumanlMHClonlhumanlleukocyteslthatldeterminel"se
lf"landlservelaslthelbasislforlidentifyinglhistocompatiblelcellslandltissueslforltransplantation,linc
ludinglbloodltransfusion.
QUESTION
Listlthelsystemicleffectsloflinflammation,landlidentifylthelreasonlthatleachlofltheselmanifestatio
nsloccurs.
Answer:
feverldueltolthelreleaseloflpyrogenslbylleukocyteslandlmacrophages;lmalaise,lfatigue,lheadache,
landlanorexia
AdvancedlPathophysiologylReview|lQsl&lAs|
lGradelA|l100%lCorrectl(VerifiedlAnswers)l
–lRegis
QUESTION
Explainlwhatlislmeantlbyltheltermlsuperinfection.lWhatltypeloflmicroorganismloftenlcauseslsup
erinfections?lExplainlhowlthislhappens.
Answer:
alsecondarylorlnewlinfectionlbylpathogenslthatlresultslfromldisruptionlorlreductionloflthelnorm
allresidentlfloralbylantimicrobialldrugs
QUESTION
Describelsomeloflthelpotentialladverseleffectslassociatedlwithltheluseloflantibacterialldrugs.
Answer:
allergiclreactions,lanaphylaxis,ldisruptionloflresidentlflora,lsecondarylinfections
QUESTION
Whatlisltheldifferencelbetweenlalsuperinfectionlandlanlopportunisticlinfection?
Answer:
Alsuperinfectionloccurslonlylduringltreatmentlwithlantimicrobiallagents.lAnlopportunisticlinfect
ionloccurslinlanlindividuallwithldecreasedlimmunity.lBothlarelusuallylcausedlbylfungilorlbylba
cterialthatlarelpartloflthelnormallresidentlfloralorlwhenlresidentlfloralfromlonelarealoflthelbodyl
arelintroducedltolanotherlarealcausinglanlinfectionlthere.
,QUESTION
Whenlislitlappropriatelforlalphysicianltolprescribelalnarrow-spectrumlantibacterialldrug?
Answer:
whenlthelidentityloflthelbacteriumlislknown;lafterlculturelandlsensitivitylhavelbeenlcompleted
QUESTION
Iflanlantibacterialldruglislbacteriostaticlratherlthanlbactericidal,lhowldoeslthelindividualleverlde
stroylthelinfectinglmicroorganism?
Answer:
Theldruglpreventslreplicationloflthelbacteria,ltherebylkeepinglthelnumberloflbacterialconstant—
thelbody'slownldefensivelcellslwillldestroylthelorganism.
QUESTION
Whenlwouldlthelprescriptionloflalbacteriostaticldruglnotlbeladvisable?
Answer:
iflthelindividuallwaslimmunosuppressedl(e.g.,lorganltransplantlrecipient)lorlimmunodeficientl(e.
g.,lsomeonelwithlAIDS)
QUESTION
Explainlhowlthelmisuselorloveruseloflantibacteriallagentslcouldlleadltoltheldevelopmentloflbact
eriallresistance.
Answer:
Bacterialadaptland/orlmutateltoldeveloplvariouslmeanslofllosingldruglsensitivity;lexcessivelorlu
nnecessaryluselofldrugslprovideslalstimuluslforlsuchladaptation.
,QUESTION
Iflantibacterialldrugslarelnotleffectivelinltheltreatmentloflvirallinfections,lwhylareltheyloftenlpre
scribedlforlindividualslwithlchroniclvirallinfectionslsuchlaslhepatitislB,lhepatitislC,lorlHIV?
Answer:
becauseltheylmaylreducelthelrisklforlsecondarylbacteriallinfection
QUESTION
Identifylguidelineslthatlanlindividuallshouldlfollowltolmaximizeltheleffectsloflantibacteriallmed
ications.
Answer:
Theldruglshouldlbeltakenlregularlylaccordingltolthelprescription.lTheldruglshouldlbeltakenluntil
lthelprescriptionlislcompletelylused.lFollowlinstructionslregardinglfoodlorlfluidlintake.lProvidel
algoodlmedicallhistory,lincludinglknownldruglallergies.
QUESTION
Explainlwhylitlhaslbeenldifficultltoldeveloplantiviralldrugs.
Answer:
Becauselviruseslarelobligatelintracellularlparasites,laldruglthatldestroyslviruseslwouldlalsoldestr
oylthelhostlcell.
QUESTION
RuleloflNines
Answer:
methodlusedltolcalculatelthelamountloflfluidllostlaslthelresultloflalburn;ldivideslthelbodylintol1
1lareas,leachlaccountinglforl9%lofltheltotallbodylarea
, QUESTION
Whatlislalcelllsurfacelantigen?lWhylislitlimportant?
Answer:
Alcelllsurfacelantigenlislaluniquelproteinlorlglycoproteinlconfigurationlthatlislaldistinctivelmark
erlforlthelrecognitionloflalcelllbylthelimmunelsystem.lItlprovideslthelmeanslbylwhichlthelimmu
nelsystemldistinguisheslselflfromlnonself.lItlislimportantlbecauselitlprovideslforltheldetectionla
ndlidentificationlofl"nonself"lbylthelimmunelsystem.lThisldifferentiationlunderlieslthelhostldefe
nselagainstlinfectionlandlotherlforeignlantigens,landlitlformslthelbasislforlselectionloflcompatibl
elorganslandltissueslforltransplantation.
QUESTION
Whatlislthelmajorlhistocompatibilitylcomplexl(MHC),landlhowlislitlrelatedltolthelhumanlleukoc
ytelantigensl(HLAs)?
Answer:
Thelmajorlhistocompatibilitylcomplexl(MHC)lcelllmembranelantigenslarelmoleculeslthatlarelsp
ecificlforleachlindividual.lThelHLAlislthelhumanlMHClonlhumanlleukocyteslthatldeterminel"se
lf"landlservelaslthelbasislforlidentifyinglhistocompatiblelcellslandltissueslforltransplantation,linc
ludinglbloodltransfusion.
QUESTION
Listlthelsystemicleffectsloflinflammation,landlidentifylthelreasonlthatleachlofltheselmanifestatio
nsloccurs.
Answer:
feverldueltolthelreleaseloflpyrogenslbylleukocyteslandlmacrophages;lmalaise,lfatigue,lheadache,
landlanorexia
