AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2

AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2


Giveoooneooreasonoowhyooschema'sooareoouseful?oo-ooans--
Whenoowe'reooinoounknownoosituationsooschemasoohelpoousooknowoohowootooobehave.oo
Sooowhenooweoodooonotooknowoowhatootooodoooourooschemaoofillsooinootheoogapsooforoouso
oandooallowoousootoooprocessoosituationsoobetter.


Giveoooneooreasonoowhyooschema'sooareoonotoouseful?oo-ooans--
schemasoomayooexcludeooinformationoowhichoodoesn'tooconformootoooouroopriorooexpecta
tions.ooAsooaooresult,ooweoomayooformoostereotypesoowhichooareoodifficultootoooshift,ooeve
nooifoonew,disputingooinformationooisoopresented.ooThisoomeansooweoomayoonotoobeooproc
essingootheooworldooaroundoousooaccuratelyooandoomayoomisjudgeoooroorepresentooaooper
sonoooroosituation.

DiscussootheoodefenseoomechanismooshownoobyooJed?oo-ooans--
Displacementooisoowhenooweooredirectooouroohostileoofeelingsooontooosomethingooelseoob
ecauseooitooisoonotooappropriateootoooexpressootheiroofeelingootowardsootheoopersonoooroo
objectooinooquestion.ooJedoocan'tootakeoohisoofrustrationoooutooonoohisooteacher,oowhoooiss
uedootheoodetentionooandooheoodisplacedoohisoofeelingsoobyookickingootheoolocker.

Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproach,oo
(A01ooBehaviourist)oo-ooans--
Theoobehaviouristooapproachoosuggestsoothatootheoobasicooprocessesoothatoogovernoolea
rningooinooalloospeciesooareootheoosame.ooWeoolearnoothroughootwoooconcepts:oooperantoo
conditioningooandooclassicalooconditioning.

Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproach,oo(classicalooconditioning)oo-ooans--
TheooideaooofooclassicalooconditioningoowasoodevelopedoobyooPavlovoowhooofoundoothatoo
weoolearnoothroughooassociation.ooHeoofoundoothatooitoowasoopossibleootoooconditionoodog
sootoooassociateootheoosoundooofooaoobelloowithoofood.ooThisooresultedooinootheoodogsoopro
ducingooaoosalivationooresponseooatootheoosoundooofooaoobellooevenoowhenoonooofoodoowa
soopresent.ooPavlovoodemonstratedoothatoorepeatedooexposureootoooanooeventooleadsooto
ooaoolearnedooandoouncontrollableoobehaviour.


Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproach,oo(operantooconditioning)oo-ooans--
Skinneroosuggestedoobehaviourooresultedoofromoolearningoothroughootheooconsequences

, ooofooourooactions.ooHeooconductedooresearchoointooooperantooconditioningootheoryoousin
goorats,ooandoofoundoothatoothreeootypesooofooconsequencesoowillooaffectoobehaviour:oopo
sitiveooreinforcementooinvolvesoorewardingooaoobehaviour,oowhichooincreasesooitoobeingoo
repeated;oonegativeooreinforcementooinvolvesooremovingooanoounpleasantoooutcomeootoo
oincreaseooitoobeingoorepeated;oopunishmentooinvolvesooaddingooanoounpleasantoooutco
me,reducingootheoobehaviour.

Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproach,oo(similarityootooobiological)oo-ooans--
Bothootheoobehaviouristooapproachooandoobiologicalooapproachooshareooaoosimilarityooinoo
beingoodeterminist.ooBothooignoreootheooinfluenceoothatootheoopersonoocanoohaveooandoo
whetherootheyoohaveoofreeoowillooandoocanoomakeootheirooownoochoicesooinootheseoodecis
ions.

Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproach,oo(difference)oo-ooans--
However,ootheyoodifferooinoothatootheoobehaviouristooapproachooisooenvironmentallyoodete
rministoowhileootheoobiologicalooapproachooisoobiologicallyoodeterminist.ooStatingoothatoob
ehaviourooisootheooproductooofoointernaloobiologicaloofactorsoo(e.g.oogenes,oohormones,oo
neurotransmitters,ooetc.)oowhileoobehaviouristsooargueoothatoobehaviourooisoodeterminedo
obyootheooenvironmentooandooisooaooproductooofoostimulus-responseooassociations


Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproachoo(similarity)oo-ooans--
Bothooapproachesootakeooaoonomotheticooapproachoowhenoostudyingoohumanoobehaviou
r.ooBothooinvestigateoobehaviourootoootryootooocreateoouniversaloolawsoothatooapplyootoooall
oohumanoobeings.ooBiologistsooargueoothatoothisooisoopossibleoobecauseoohumanoobeings
ooshareoosimilaroophysiologies,ooandoobehaviouristsooargueoothatoothisooisoopossibleoobec
auseooalloobehaviourooisootheooresultooofoolearningooandoostimulus-
responseooassociations.ooTherefore,ootheooaimooofoogeneratingoouniversaloolawsoothatooa
pplyootoooalloohumansooisooanotheroosimilarityoobetweenootheoobehaviouristooandoobiologi
calooapproaches.

Outlineootheookeyoofeaturesooofootheoobehaviouristooapproach.ooCompareootoootheoobiolog
icalooapproachoo(natureoo+oonurture)oo-ooans--
theoobehaviouristooapproachooandoobiologicalooapproachooareoodifferentooinootheiroopositi
onooonootheoonature-
nurtureoodebate.ooBehaviouristooviewsoorestoofirmlyooonootheoonurtureoosideooofootheoodeb
ate,ooandoothatoohumanoobeingsooareooblankooslatesooandoothatooalloobehaviourooisoolearn
ed.ooBiologicaloopsychologistsooargueooaoonature-
basedooviewooofoobehaviour.ooTheyoopositoothatoobehaviourooisootheooresultooofooinnateoob
iologicaloofactorsoo(e.g.oogenes,oohormones,ooneurotransmitters.ooetc.)ooandoois,ootherefo
re,ootheooproductooofoonatureooandoonotoonurture.ooTherefore,oodespiteootheiroosimilarities
ooinootermsooofoodeterminismooandootheirooapproachootoooinvestigation,ootheoobehaviourist
ooandoobiologicalooapproachesooareooradicallyoodifferentooinootermsooofootheiroopositionooo
nootheoonature-nurtureoodebate.