GMS 6012 Block 3 Exam with 100%
correct answers
Huntington’s disease; CAG - correct answer ✔✔_____ is attributable to trinucleotide repeats of ____,
which makes a protein with a lot of glutamine in a row and can cause neurological problems
CAG repeats - correct answer ✔✔in Huntington’s disease, see an increase in these repeats because of a
decrease in DNA repair
N glycosidic bond - correct answer ✔✔C1 carbon linked to nitrogen atom of an amine group (-NH2) ==>
hydrolyzed by OGG1
independent - correct answer ✔✔recombination of homologs happens _____ of gene reassortment,
although they can both happen simultaneously
functions and effects of meiosis and meiotic DNA recombination - correct answer ✔✔- gene
reassortment and homolog recombination
- gene conversion / mutation
- trinucleotide repeat expansions
- gene duplications and deletions
reduction division - correct answer ✔✔another name for the first metaphase step in meiosis I, the
division where homologous pairs separate ==> chromosome number reduces
meiosis - correct answer ✔✔occurs in gametes, produce four non-identical haploid daughter cells ==>
due to a recombination event as homologs pair up and cross over
mitosis - correct answer ✔✔occurs in somatic cells, produce two identical diploid daughter cells ==> no
recombination of homologs occurs
,homolog recombination and SNP diversity - correct answer ✔✔as there are different sets of SNPs on
each homolog, once they "cross over" and undergo independent assortment, it can potentially allow for
the formation of a combination of alleles that have never been put togther before
sister chromatids; offspring diversity - correct answer ✔✔while _____ aren't exactly identical because of
recombination events, recombination doesn't lead to any _____ because of their similarity to each other
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes - correct answer ✔✔allows for diversity in
gametes because paternal and maternal chromosomes are assorted into differernt games independently
of recombination ==> match together new alleles
bivalent; synapse - correct answer ✔✔the formation of the ____ between the replicated paternal and
maternal homologs allows for ____ formation and crossing over
one; two or more - correct answer ✔✔in crossing over (ie., recombination) only ____ chromosome is
involved whereas in independent assortment _____ chromosomes are involved
SNPS and/or alleles - correct answer ✔✔recombination of _____ and new allelic combinations are how
we get a lot of human diseases
required for recombination event - correct answer ✔✔- uneven break in a homolog strand --> imperfect
junction
- strand invasion
- RAD51
- heteroduplex formation over short section of DNA
RAD51 - correct answer ✔✔protein that supports triple helix formation; found in recombination junction
during strand invasion
heteroduplex - correct answer ✔✔short section of the double helix with allelic differences between the
maternal and paternal chromosome after failure of strand invasion
, random; no free end - correct answer ✔✔the selection process in mismatch repair with a heteroduplex
is ____ and because there is ____ with the heteroduplex, either strand can be repaired
meiosis mechanisms of diversity - correct answer ✔✔1) independent reassortment
2) recombination
3) gene conversion
4) strand slippage
gene conversion - correct answer ✔✔the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous
sequence such that the sequences become identical after the formation of heteroduplex (with same
gene but different alleles)
gene conversion; allelic - correct answer ✔✔______ can create _____ combinations that have never
been seen before and thus can create issues with proper protein folding and functioning, or can create a
new protein altogether
strand slippage - correct answer ✔✔slipping of the template and newly synthesized strands in
replication in which one of the strands loops out from the other and nucleotides are inserted or deleted
on the newly synthesized strand ==> leads to nucleotide being added
trinucleotide repeats - correct answer ✔✔a form of mutation associated with the expansion in copy
number of a nucleotide triplet in or near a gene
accumulation of repeats - correct answer ✔✔the reduction in the number of repeats rarely causes
problems, but the _____ can cause problems and clinical manifestations of a disease
sources of adding repeats in meiosis - correct answer ✔✔- strand slippage
- misalignment and unequal crossing over
unequal crossing over - correct answer ✔✔misalignment of two homologs at bivalent stage and
recombining ==> one homolog loses a repeat, while the other homolog gains a repeat
correct answers
Huntington’s disease; CAG - correct answer ✔✔_____ is attributable to trinucleotide repeats of ____,
which makes a protein with a lot of glutamine in a row and can cause neurological problems
CAG repeats - correct answer ✔✔in Huntington’s disease, see an increase in these repeats because of a
decrease in DNA repair
N glycosidic bond - correct answer ✔✔C1 carbon linked to nitrogen atom of an amine group (-NH2) ==>
hydrolyzed by OGG1
independent - correct answer ✔✔recombination of homologs happens _____ of gene reassortment,
although they can both happen simultaneously
functions and effects of meiosis and meiotic DNA recombination - correct answer ✔✔- gene
reassortment and homolog recombination
- gene conversion / mutation
- trinucleotide repeat expansions
- gene duplications and deletions
reduction division - correct answer ✔✔another name for the first metaphase step in meiosis I, the
division where homologous pairs separate ==> chromosome number reduces
meiosis - correct answer ✔✔occurs in gametes, produce four non-identical haploid daughter cells ==>
due to a recombination event as homologs pair up and cross over
mitosis - correct answer ✔✔occurs in somatic cells, produce two identical diploid daughter cells ==> no
recombination of homologs occurs
,homolog recombination and SNP diversity - correct answer ✔✔as there are different sets of SNPs on
each homolog, once they "cross over" and undergo independent assortment, it can potentially allow for
the formation of a combination of alleles that have never been put togther before
sister chromatids; offspring diversity - correct answer ✔✔while _____ aren't exactly identical because of
recombination events, recombination doesn't lead to any _____ because of their similarity to each other
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes - correct answer ✔✔allows for diversity in
gametes because paternal and maternal chromosomes are assorted into differernt games independently
of recombination ==> match together new alleles
bivalent; synapse - correct answer ✔✔the formation of the ____ between the replicated paternal and
maternal homologs allows for ____ formation and crossing over
one; two or more - correct answer ✔✔in crossing over (ie., recombination) only ____ chromosome is
involved whereas in independent assortment _____ chromosomes are involved
SNPS and/or alleles - correct answer ✔✔recombination of _____ and new allelic combinations are how
we get a lot of human diseases
required for recombination event - correct answer ✔✔- uneven break in a homolog strand --> imperfect
junction
- strand invasion
- RAD51
- heteroduplex formation over short section of DNA
RAD51 - correct answer ✔✔protein that supports triple helix formation; found in recombination junction
during strand invasion
heteroduplex - correct answer ✔✔short section of the double helix with allelic differences between the
maternal and paternal chromosome after failure of strand invasion
, random; no free end - correct answer ✔✔the selection process in mismatch repair with a heteroduplex
is ____ and because there is ____ with the heteroduplex, either strand can be repaired
meiosis mechanisms of diversity - correct answer ✔✔1) independent reassortment
2) recombination
3) gene conversion
4) strand slippage
gene conversion - correct answer ✔✔the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous
sequence such that the sequences become identical after the formation of heteroduplex (with same
gene but different alleles)
gene conversion; allelic - correct answer ✔✔______ can create _____ combinations that have never
been seen before and thus can create issues with proper protein folding and functioning, or can create a
new protein altogether
strand slippage - correct answer ✔✔slipping of the template and newly synthesized strands in
replication in which one of the strands loops out from the other and nucleotides are inserted or deleted
on the newly synthesized strand ==> leads to nucleotide being added
trinucleotide repeats - correct answer ✔✔a form of mutation associated with the expansion in copy
number of a nucleotide triplet in or near a gene
accumulation of repeats - correct answer ✔✔the reduction in the number of repeats rarely causes
problems, but the _____ can cause problems and clinical manifestations of a disease
sources of adding repeats in meiosis - correct answer ✔✔- strand slippage
- misalignment and unequal crossing over
unequal crossing over - correct answer ✔✔misalignment of two homologs at bivalent stage and
recombining ==> one homolog loses a repeat, while the other homolog gains a repeat
