MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- characterized by massive proteinuria caused
by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWER- Lesions that involve all or
most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%)
of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWER- When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered
segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER- An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and
most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- Associated with glomerulonephritis and an
immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to an increase
in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a
rupture of the capsule.
,sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to glomerular
scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the
calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWER- inherited disease in which sacs of
fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney
tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70
years of age).
, Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER- Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- Painless hematuria that is
gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to
detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- treat underlying cause and
facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma - CORRECT ANSWER- a rare cancer of the kidney that
occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue
IgE - CORRECT ANSWER- Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells and
basophils. Responds to parasites and triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine
and heparin.
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- characterized by massive proteinuria caused
by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWER- Lesions that involve all or
most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%)
of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWER- When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered
segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER- An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and
most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- Associated with glomerulonephritis and an
immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to an increase
in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a
rupture of the capsule.
,sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to glomerular
scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWER- refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the
calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWER- inherited disease in which sacs of
fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney
tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70
years of age).
, Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER- Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- Painless hematuria that is
gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to
detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- treat underlying cause and
facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma - CORRECT ANSWER- a rare cancer of the kidney that
occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue
IgE - CORRECT ANSWER- Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells and
basophils. Responds to parasites and triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine
and heparin.
