BIO 12 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY K SHAW
LAB UNIT 1 EXAM OVERVIEW
This exam will be during lecture/discussion time and you have the full 2 hrs and 20 mins
Bring your basic scientific calculator! ...and know formula for calculating blood cell counts!
The exam includes:
• Multiple Choice
• Matching terms to descriptions
• Word Spell
• Short Answer (2 pts): involves interpretation of blood test results by comparing a patient's results to what you
know are normal values (know your normal values!). It can be satisfactorily answered in 3-5 sentences.
Review the blood pathologies – anemias and polycythemias – especially with relation to normal values for
blood tests (counts, Hb content, O2 content, MCV, MCH, MCHC, etc.).
The following is a general, tentative breakdown of topics covered in your first lab exam and the respective number of
points assigned to them. This chart serves as a guide to your study plan, but specific topics/concepts and number of
points per topic will depend on your specific exam version and are at the discretion of your instructor.
GENERAL TOPIC # of pts
Blood analysis: normal values; description of important variables; calculations and tests used in blood 13
analysis (Tallquist, hematocrit, blood cell count), Blood Analysis PhysioEx (including ESR)
Terminology used to describe RBCs and relationship with changes of MCV, MCH, and MCHC, particularly 5
with reference to anemias
Blood antigens; blood typing; determination of blood types that could be received by 16
Patients (donor-recipient compatibilities); antibodies that a person would be expected to have in
his/her plasma; genetics of Rh and ABO factors; dominance vs. codominance
HDN - causes, consequences, prevention, treatment 5
Membrane Transport PhysioEX: Types of membrane transport; important factors in the transport of 7
molecules across membranes (MWCO, osmolarity); creation of osmotic pressure
Endocrine PhysioEX: HPT axis; TH formation; role of propylthiouracil (PTU) in the regulation of TH 3
secretion; diseases of the thyroid (Gravesʼ and Hashimotoʼs); measurement of metabolic rate
Endocrine PhysioEX: Causes and diagnosis of pathophysiology of the HPA axis (Addisonʼs disease, 1
Cushingʼs syndrome, Cushingʼs disease/Secondary adrenal insufficiency)
Skeletal Muscle PhysioEx: latent period; motor unit; force of contraction: spatial summation (motor unit 6
recruitment); treppe and wave (temporal) summation/tetany
Neurophysiology PhysioEx: conduction velocity; VGC blockers; refractory period; stimulus intensity and 6
action potentials; effects of calcium
Digestive System PhysioEx: Know key digestive enzymes reviewed and their substrates; know positive 6
and negative controls; effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity; optimal pH and temperature
conditions for key digestive enzymes; role of bile
Principles of spectrophotometer use; standard curve 4
Molecular techniques: Gel electrophoresis, Western blot, ELISA – similarities, differences, specifics 6
(direct vs indirect ELISA)
1
, This is not an exhaustive overview, but it should give you some focal points during your review:
For every lab activity and PhysioEx activity, ask yourself:
1) What is the main point(s) of this activity?
2) What are some key terms/concepts discussed in this activity?
3) How does this activity relate to other activities and to a larger context?
BLOOD ANALYSES
Variable normal value
Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 45%
Hb concentration (g%Hb) 14-16g% (15g%)
O2 carrying capacity g%Hb*1.34ml O2/g Hb =
(per gram of Hb and per 100ml of blood) 19-21ml O2/100ml blood (or ml O2%)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 80-100μm3
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) – 32μμg (= 32pg = picograms = 10-12 g)
weight in a single RBC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) - 34%
Concentration of Hb in a single RBC
Mean Corpuscular Diameter (MCD) 7-8μm
Color Index (CI) 0.9-1.1
1. What does the Tallquist method/scale give you?
16%gm normal value, it gives you hemoglobin concentration by comparing to a chart.
2. How do you calculate hematocrit (HCT) with a ruler?
(Height of RBC x 100)/total height of whole blood.
3. How do you obtain the true hematocrit?
(HCT%)/.96% (accounts for plasma sandwiched in between packed blood)
4. Why do we need to use Gower’s / Turk’s solution to dilute RBCs/WBCs?
Gowers is isotonic, so no morphologic change in RBC
Turks – lyses RBC and stains nuclei in WBC
5. Why did we have to use different diluents for RBC and WBC counts?
Because there are more RBC’s than WBC’s
6. How would a bubble in the pipette used to transfer diluent into the solution added to the hemocytometer affect the
RBC count?
2
LAB UNIT 1 EXAM OVERVIEW
This exam will be during lecture/discussion time and you have the full 2 hrs and 20 mins
Bring your basic scientific calculator! ...and know formula for calculating blood cell counts!
The exam includes:
• Multiple Choice
• Matching terms to descriptions
• Word Spell
• Short Answer (2 pts): involves interpretation of blood test results by comparing a patient's results to what you
know are normal values (know your normal values!). It can be satisfactorily answered in 3-5 sentences.
Review the blood pathologies – anemias and polycythemias – especially with relation to normal values for
blood tests (counts, Hb content, O2 content, MCV, MCH, MCHC, etc.).
The following is a general, tentative breakdown of topics covered in your first lab exam and the respective number of
points assigned to them. This chart serves as a guide to your study plan, but specific topics/concepts and number of
points per topic will depend on your specific exam version and are at the discretion of your instructor.
GENERAL TOPIC # of pts
Blood analysis: normal values; description of important variables; calculations and tests used in blood 13
analysis (Tallquist, hematocrit, blood cell count), Blood Analysis PhysioEx (including ESR)
Terminology used to describe RBCs and relationship with changes of MCV, MCH, and MCHC, particularly 5
with reference to anemias
Blood antigens; blood typing; determination of blood types that could be received by 16
Patients (donor-recipient compatibilities); antibodies that a person would be expected to have in
his/her plasma; genetics of Rh and ABO factors; dominance vs. codominance
HDN - causes, consequences, prevention, treatment 5
Membrane Transport PhysioEX: Types of membrane transport; important factors in the transport of 7
molecules across membranes (MWCO, osmolarity); creation of osmotic pressure
Endocrine PhysioEX: HPT axis; TH formation; role of propylthiouracil (PTU) in the regulation of TH 3
secretion; diseases of the thyroid (Gravesʼ and Hashimotoʼs); measurement of metabolic rate
Endocrine PhysioEX: Causes and diagnosis of pathophysiology of the HPA axis (Addisonʼs disease, 1
Cushingʼs syndrome, Cushingʼs disease/Secondary adrenal insufficiency)
Skeletal Muscle PhysioEx: latent period; motor unit; force of contraction: spatial summation (motor unit 6
recruitment); treppe and wave (temporal) summation/tetany
Neurophysiology PhysioEx: conduction velocity; VGC blockers; refractory period; stimulus intensity and 6
action potentials; effects of calcium
Digestive System PhysioEx: Know key digestive enzymes reviewed and their substrates; know positive 6
and negative controls; effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity; optimal pH and temperature
conditions for key digestive enzymes; role of bile
Principles of spectrophotometer use; standard curve 4
Molecular techniques: Gel electrophoresis, Western blot, ELISA – similarities, differences, specifics 6
(direct vs indirect ELISA)
1
, This is not an exhaustive overview, but it should give you some focal points during your review:
For every lab activity and PhysioEx activity, ask yourself:
1) What is the main point(s) of this activity?
2) What are some key terms/concepts discussed in this activity?
3) How does this activity relate to other activities and to a larger context?
BLOOD ANALYSES
Variable normal value
Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 45%
Hb concentration (g%Hb) 14-16g% (15g%)
O2 carrying capacity g%Hb*1.34ml O2/g Hb =
(per gram of Hb and per 100ml of blood) 19-21ml O2/100ml blood (or ml O2%)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 80-100μm3
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) – 32μμg (= 32pg = picograms = 10-12 g)
weight in a single RBC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) - 34%
Concentration of Hb in a single RBC
Mean Corpuscular Diameter (MCD) 7-8μm
Color Index (CI) 0.9-1.1
1. What does the Tallquist method/scale give you?
16%gm normal value, it gives you hemoglobin concentration by comparing to a chart.
2. How do you calculate hematocrit (HCT) with a ruler?
(Height of RBC x 100)/total height of whole blood.
3. How do you obtain the true hematocrit?
(HCT%)/.96% (accounts for plasma sandwiched in between packed blood)
4. Why do we need to use Gower’s / Turk’s solution to dilute RBCs/WBCs?
Gowers is isotonic, so no morphologic change in RBC
Turks – lyses RBC and stains nuclei in WBC
5. Why did we have to use different diluents for RBC and WBC counts?
Because there are more RBC’s than WBC’s
6. How would a bubble in the pipette used to transfer diluent into the solution added to the hemocytometer affect the
RBC count?
2
