Community Health Exam #1|255
Questions and Answers (100%
Accurate)
Legacy of Public Health Nursing - -- Nursing in communities, the
environmental context of individuals' everyday lives, requires attention to
social, economic, and political circumstances that influence health status and
access to health care.
- Nurses stand at the privileged intersection in which they simultaneously
provide care to individuals and witness the larger societal forces that either
impede or enhance the attainment of health
- Florence Nightingale was the first to "stake out" nurses' responsibility to
address the relationship between society and health. Her ability to connect
illness and death with social conditions, and to advocate change at societal
levels
- Leaders in Public Health Nursing: Lillian Wald (1867-1940) - -- an American
Nurse, social reformer, founder of Henry Street Settlement (precursor of
Visiting Nurse Service of NY), educator, founder of Public Health Nursing. Her
goal was to create a more just society where "women and children,
immigrants and the poor, all ethnicities and religious groups would realize
America's promise of 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.'"
- Incorporated social justice as a core component of nursing practice by
emphasizing political activism, and broad social change as public health
intervention aimed at improving the health of whole groups and populations.
- Viewed nursing as intimately tied to society's needs, including political
issues, and compelling health, economic, and social conditions.
**Focus on social justice revealed how unequal benefits and burdens are
created in society and affect everyone.
- Community and Public Health Nursing - -- By the mid-twentieth century,
nursing's increasing integration of the biomedical model of health shifted the
profession's emphasis to disease-focused care of the individual patient in
acute care settings, gradually eroding nursing's more visible involvement in
community-based issues of social justice and public health.
- Late 1960s movement to "bring healthcare to where people live and work"
Rise of Community Health Centers" Columbia Point Health Center (now
Geiger Gibson) in Dorchester first in the nation
- Recession and decreased funding in 1980s impacted community and public
health services
- Recent concerns about domestic and global inequities in health and health
care, which are rooted in historic and contemporary, social, economic, and
,political policies and practices, have prompted nursing to re-examine it's
social mandate and commitment to social justice and the public good.
- Definition of Public Health Nursing - -- Public health nursing is the practice
of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from
nursing, social, and public health sciences.
- Public health nursing is a specialty practice within nursing and public
health. It focuses on improving population health by emphasizing prevention,
and attending to multiple determinants of health. Often used
interchangeably with community health nursing, this nursing practice
includes advocacy, policy development, and planning, which addresses
issues of social justice. With a multi-level view of health, public health
nursing action occurs through community applications of theory, evidence,
and a commitment to health equity.
- Public health nursing practice is guided by the American Nurses Association
Public Health Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice 2 and the Quad Council
of Public Health Nursing Organizations' Core Competencies for Public Health
Nurses.
- Social Justice definition - -the principle that all persons are entitled to have
their basic human needs met, regardless of differences in economic status,
class, gender, race, ethnicity, citizenship, religion, age, sexual orientation,
disability, or health. This includes the eradication of poverty and illiteracy,
the establishment of sound environmental policy, and equality of opportunity
for healthy personal and social development.
- Characteristics of PHN - -Public health nurses focus on improving
population health in the environments where people live, work, learn, and
play.
1) a focus on the health needs of an entire population, including inequities
and the unique needs of sub-populations
2) assessment of population health using a comprehensive, systematic
approach;
3) attention to multiple determinants of health
4) an emphasis on primary prevention
5) application of interventions at all levels—individuals, families,
communities, and the systems that impact their health.
- What degree is recommended for entry level public health nurses? - -BSN
- Conceptual Model of Nursing and Population Health - -"Population health is
defined as life span wellness and disease experiences of aggregate groups of
people residing in local, state, national, or international geographic regions
or those populations with common characteristics. Population health includes
aspects of public health, health care delivery systems, and determinants of
,wellness and illness, emphasizing promotion, restoration, and maintenance
of wellness and prevention of illness(p.290)."
- Public health outcomes are determined by - -1.) Upstream factors
- socioeconomic
- physical environment
2.) Population factors
- genetic factors
- behavioral factors
- physiologic factors
- resilience
- health state
3.) Health care system factors
- providers
- organizations and institutions
- payers
- policies
4.) Nursing activities
- population based nursing practice processes
- culturally appropriate wellness promotion, restoration, and maintenance
- culturally appropriate disease prevention
5.) Public health outcomes
- population level wellness
- population level disease burden
- population level functional status
- population level life expectancy
- population level mortality
- population level quality of life
- Population-Based Interventions - -actions PHN use to improve the health of
populations.
The assumption underlying intervention selection is that it:
- Focuses on entire populations
- Is grounded in an assessment of community health
- Considers the broad determinants of health
- Emphasizes health promotion and prevention
- Intervenes at multiple levels
- Three Levels of Prevention - -- Primary prevention protects against risks to
health. Keeps problem from occurring. Immunizations
- Secondary preventions detects and treats problems in their early stages.
Implemented after problem has begun. Screening
- Tertiary prevention limits further negative effects from a problem. Keeps
existing problem from getting worse. Implemented after disease or injury has
occurred. Focuses on rehab and recovery to optimal level of functioning
Cardia Rehab, Substance use disorder Rehab, Support Groups
, - PHN Intervene at 3 Levels of Practice - -Public health interventions may be
directed at entire populations within the community, the systems that affect
the health of those populations, and/or the individuals and families within
those populations.
- Population-based systems-focused practice changes organizations, policies,
laws, and power structures (upstream)
- Population-based community-focused practice changes community: norms,
attitudes, awareness, practices, and behavior (mid-stream)
- Population-based individual-focused practice changes knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals. (downstream)
- Definitions of Interventions: Surveillance - -monitors health events through
ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for
planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions
- Definitions of Interventions: Outreach - -locates populations at risk,
provides information, identifies possible actions, and identifies access to
services
- Definitions of Interventions: Screening - -identifies individuals with
unrecognized risk factors or asymptomatic conditions
- Definitions of Interventions: Mass Screening - -screen general population
for a single risk (chol in a shopping mall) or multiple health risks (health fair
at job site)
- Definitions of Interventions: Targeted Screening - -process to promote
screening to a discrete subgroup within the population (those at risk for HIV)
- Definitions of Interventions: Periodic Screening - -process to screen a
discrete but healthy subgroup of the population on a regular basis, over
time, for predictable risks or problems (breast and cervical cancer screening,
well-child)
- Definitions of Interventions: Case-finding - -locates individuals and families
with identified risk factors and connects them with resources
- Definitions of Interventions: Referral and follow-up - -assists in identifying
and accessing necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems
- Quad Council Domains of PHN: 3 Tiers Focus on Tier One - -- Tier 1 Core
Competencies apply to generalist public health nurses who carry out day-
today functions in state and local public health organizations, including
clinical, home visiting and population-based services, and who are not in
management positions.
Questions and Answers (100%
Accurate)
Legacy of Public Health Nursing - -- Nursing in communities, the
environmental context of individuals' everyday lives, requires attention to
social, economic, and political circumstances that influence health status and
access to health care.
- Nurses stand at the privileged intersection in which they simultaneously
provide care to individuals and witness the larger societal forces that either
impede or enhance the attainment of health
- Florence Nightingale was the first to "stake out" nurses' responsibility to
address the relationship between society and health. Her ability to connect
illness and death with social conditions, and to advocate change at societal
levels
- Leaders in Public Health Nursing: Lillian Wald (1867-1940) - -- an American
Nurse, social reformer, founder of Henry Street Settlement (precursor of
Visiting Nurse Service of NY), educator, founder of Public Health Nursing. Her
goal was to create a more just society where "women and children,
immigrants and the poor, all ethnicities and religious groups would realize
America's promise of 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.'"
- Incorporated social justice as a core component of nursing practice by
emphasizing political activism, and broad social change as public health
intervention aimed at improving the health of whole groups and populations.
- Viewed nursing as intimately tied to society's needs, including political
issues, and compelling health, economic, and social conditions.
**Focus on social justice revealed how unequal benefits and burdens are
created in society and affect everyone.
- Community and Public Health Nursing - -- By the mid-twentieth century,
nursing's increasing integration of the biomedical model of health shifted the
profession's emphasis to disease-focused care of the individual patient in
acute care settings, gradually eroding nursing's more visible involvement in
community-based issues of social justice and public health.
- Late 1960s movement to "bring healthcare to where people live and work"
Rise of Community Health Centers" Columbia Point Health Center (now
Geiger Gibson) in Dorchester first in the nation
- Recession and decreased funding in 1980s impacted community and public
health services
- Recent concerns about domestic and global inequities in health and health
care, which are rooted in historic and contemporary, social, economic, and
,political policies and practices, have prompted nursing to re-examine it's
social mandate and commitment to social justice and the public good.
- Definition of Public Health Nursing - -- Public health nursing is the practice
of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from
nursing, social, and public health sciences.
- Public health nursing is a specialty practice within nursing and public
health. It focuses on improving population health by emphasizing prevention,
and attending to multiple determinants of health. Often used
interchangeably with community health nursing, this nursing practice
includes advocacy, policy development, and planning, which addresses
issues of social justice. With a multi-level view of health, public health
nursing action occurs through community applications of theory, evidence,
and a commitment to health equity.
- Public health nursing practice is guided by the American Nurses Association
Public Health Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice 2 and the Quad Council
of Public Health Nursing Organizations' Core Competencies for Public Health
Nurses.
- Social Justice definition - -the principle that all persons are entitled to have
their basic human needs met, regardless of differences in economic status,
class, gender, race, ethnicity, citizenship, religion, age, sexual orientation,
disability, or health. This includes the eradication of poverty and illiteracy,
the establishment of sound environmental policy, and equality of opportunity
for healthy personal and social development.
- Characteristics of PHN - -Public health nurses focus on improving
population health in the environments where people live, work, learn, and
play.
1) a focus on the health needs of an entire population, including inequities
and the unique needs of sub-populations
2) assessment of population health using a comprehensive, systematic
approach;
3) attention to multiple determinants of health
4) an emphasis on primary prevention
5) application of interventions at all levels—individuals, families,
communities, and the systems that impact their health.
- What degree is recommended for entry level public health nurses? - -BSN
- Conceptual Model of Nursing and Population Health - -"Population health is
defined as life span wellness and disease experiences of aggregate groups of
people residing in local, state, national, or international geographic regions
or those populations with common characteristics. Population health includes
aspects of public health, health care delivery systems, and determinants of
,wellness and illness, emphasizing promotion, restoration, and maintenance
of wellness and prevention of illness(p.290)."
- Public health outcomes are determined by - -1.) Upstream factors
- socioeconomic
- physical environment
2.) Population factors
- genetic factors
- behavioral factors
- physiologic factors
- resilience
- health state
3.) Health care system factors
- providers
- organizations and institutions
- payers
- policies
4.) Nursing activities
- population based nursing practice processes
- culturally appropriate wellness promotion, restoration, and maintenance
- culturally appropriate disease prevention
5.) Public health outcomes
- population level wellness
- population level disease burden
- population level functional status
- population level life expectancy
- population level mortality
- population level quality of life
- Population-Based Interventions - -actions PHN use to improve the health of
populations.
The assumption underlying intervention selection is that it:
- Focuses on entire populations
- Is grounded in an assessment of community health
- Considers the broad determinants of health
- Emphasizes health promotion and prevention
- Intervenes at multiple levels
- Three Levels of Prevention - -- Primary prevention protects against risks to
health. Keeps problem from occurring. Immunizations
- Secondary preventions detects and treats problems in their early stages.
Implemented after problem has begun. Screening
- Tertiary prevention limits further negative effects from a problem. Keeps
existing problem from getting worse. Implemented after disease or injury has
occurred. Focuses on rehab and recovery to optimal level of functioning
Cardia Rehab, Substance use disorder Rehab, Support Groups
, - PHN Intervene at 3 Levels of Practice - -Public health interventions may be
directed at entire populations within the community, the systems that affect
the health of those populations, and/or the individuals and families within
those populations.
- Population-based systems-focused practice changes organizations, policies,
laws, and power structures (upstream)
- Population-based community-focused practice changes community: norms,
attitudes, awareness, practices, and behavior (mid-stream)
- Population-based individual-focused practice changes knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals. (downstream)
- Definitions of Interventions: Surveillance - -monitors health events through
ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for
planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions
- Definitions of Interventions: Outreach - -locates populations at risk,
provides information, identifies possible actions, and identifies access to
services
- Definitions of Interventions: Screening - -identifies individuals with
unrecognized risk factors or asymptomatic conditions
- Definitions of Interventions: Mass Screening - -screen general population
for a single risk (chol in a shopping mall) or multiple health risks (health fair
at job site)
- Definitions of Interventions: Targeted Screening - -process to promote
screening to a discrete subgroup within the population (those at risk for HIV)
- Definitions of Interventions: Periodic Screening - -process to screen a
discrete but healthy subgroup of the population on a regular basis, over
time, for predictable risks or problems (breast and cervical cancer screening,
well-child)
- Definitions of Interventions: Case-finding - -locates individuals and families
with identified risk factors and connects them with resources
- Definitions of Interventions: Referral and follow-up - -assists in identifying
and accessing necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems
- Quad Council Domains of PHN: 3 Tiers Focus on Tier One - -- Tier 1 Core
Competencies apply to generalist public health nurses who carry out day-
today functions in state and local public health organizations, including
clinical, home visiting and population-based services, and who are not in
management positions.
