PSYC 354 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+)

PSYC 354 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+) What is multicultural psychology and what are the topics covered - Answers Multicultural psychological science: includes the lens of culture justice and equity. Stereotypes and implicit bias Prejudice Hate Conflict Resolution Intergroup conflict and cooperation Motivation Aggression and Violence Psychological Science and Civil Rights - Answers In the past, psychological science has helped civil rights. Examples include desegregating schools, allowing same sex couples to adopt, and the elimination of life sentences for juvenile offenders. Psychological sciences predict and explain human behaviors. Example: stereotypes. Psychological sciences can explain why we use stereotypes, or where they come from Social justice, Civil Rights and Psychology - Answers Psychologists can and should use their studies of human behavior and attitudes to minimize human suffering. Human suffering comes from discrimination, oppression, inequality... What can we do about social problems? - Answers Couple things we can all do individually. Raise awareness, accept our biases and misunderstandings. Learn to talk about these issues and subjects. Learn to listen, create dialogue. Arguing will not fix anything. Derek Black's experience - Answers This was pretty early in the semester so I think most of us read this lol. But derek black is this dude that was once a white supremacist. He hated all other races, cultures, colors, lifestyles, etc. Then he went to a pretty liberal college, got outed as a white supremacist. He felt lonely so he decided to make friends with people that aren't white supremacists. Long story short, he ended up changing his beliefs, changed everything about himself. Debate vs. dialogue - Answers Debating does very little. Dialogue is the best way to understand one another. When we debate, we're only listening to find something the other person says to make a counterargument. Once found, we ignore everything else that was said. Imagine every internet argument you've ever been in. it's torture. Oppositional Attitude. For dialogue, we listen to understand the other person. We try to be empathetic. We try to understand where the other person is coming from, why they believe what they believe and why they think this way. We aren't listening to prove them wrong. No matter how annoying or frustrating the other person's POV is, we have to understand why. Collaborative Attitude. Model of interpersonal communication as it relates to cross-cultural communication - Answers So in a conversation, the source encodes the message. They talk, wave, do whatever. Then this message goes through a channel. Noise gets in the way of this process. Noise includes things like biases, stereotypes, assumptions. Not like actual noise. Then after going through the noise, the receiver decodes the message. Then the receiver sends feedback back to the original messenger. More noise gets in the way of this too. Also, context includes the person's beliefs and why they believe them Social identities-what they are and what they are not o ADDRESSING model - Answers A - Age D - Developmental, Acquired Disability, R - Religion and spirituality, E - Ethnic and racial identity S - Socioeconomic status S - Sexual orientation I - Immigrant status N - National identity G - Gender. These are examples of social identities. Things like being a student athlete, or a chess player are not social identities. Results in more power and access to dominant groups; Limits power and access to oppressed groups. How do we work toward social justice? - Answers Practice listening for understanding - to build empathy Practice increasing awareness of your own worldview and biases Learn about context Increase awareness and empathy for differing experiences Ecological model: Chronosystem, Macrosystem, Exosystem, Mesosystem, microsystem - Answers o Chronosystem Sociohistorical conditions and time since life events. Time period in history you are living, history of where you are living and personal life history o Macrosystem Attitudes and ideologies of the culture. Example: in our society, men are supposed to have this masculinity trait thing. Kinda like "men aren't supposed to cry" kind of thing. o Exosystem Mass media, legal services, neighbors, etc. Set the rules, laws, or system that allow attitudes and ideologies to form and stay. Institutions, laws and policies that are a manifestation of the macrosystem values Example: the mass media's negative portrayal of muslims around the world. o Mesosystem The interaction between two or more microsystems. Example: mass media portrays minority group negatively, people are exposed to this over a long period of time, form opinions, biases, attitudes based on what they see on the media, then stereotypes are expressed between family members, peers at school, or colleagues. Another example would be if a priest mentions his beliefs about something he saw on the news to the people of his church. o Microsystem Includes people of your immediate surroundings. Examples include family, classmates, teachers, basically people you see almost every day. o The Individual How each individual person develops their own personality, traits, attitudes and beliefs based on what they are exposed to through other elements of the ecological model. "The New Jim Crow" - Answers o Racial "castes" Cut out entire groups out from the social, political, and economic life of the nation o Systems of control: from slavery to Jim Crow to mass incarceration Chronosystem! How is bias learned? - Answers Children and adults develop bias through operant conditioning, imitation/observation, reinforcement/punishment Schema theory and how it relates to stereotyping - Answers Stereotypes held by culture→ Individual cognitive schemas Example: Stereotype held by culture, this stereotype is shown in a movie, lots of people see this movie, it's very popular, then people in your school see it, they spread this stereotype around in school, and then reaches you. You either see the movie and notice the stereotype yourself, or other people mention the stereotype to you • Implicit Association Tests Implicit Association Tests - Answers Mixed reactions: Surprise—test results did not match with personally held attitudes/beliefs Lack of surprise: Aware of some bias Aware of lack of bias—attributed to intimate experiences with members of both social identity groups tested Social learning theory and developing schemata - Answers Operant conditioning: Imitation/Observational learning Reinforcement/Punishment Cognitive processes:(attention, self-regulation, and self-efficacy) Attention: process focuses on relevant behaviors Self-regulation: monitor own behavior and regulate Self-efficacy: belief in ability to accomplish a particular task Explicit vs implicit bias - Answers Explicit - Biases of which we are consciously aware Implicit - Evaluations and beliefs that are automatically activated by the mere presence (actual or symbolic) of the attitude or object Implicit bias and schemas - Answers Implicit bias is developed by our schema and social learning theory, limited observational learning opportunities, representation, schema theory, limited knowledge/ associations, classical conditioning