Samenvatting Governance
and Digitalisation
Bestuurskunde
Jaar 2
Universiteit Leiden
1
,Inhoud
Week 1: Introduction.............................................................................................. 3
Week 2: The impact of digital reform.....................................................................7
Week 3: Social media........................................................................................... 13
Week 5: Public values theory & Autonomous weapons........................................17
Week 6: EU and national governance...................................................................21
Week 7: Machine learning.................................................................................... 24
2
, Week 1: Introduction
What are the ‘hot’ technologies in today’s public policy and
discussion?
- Blockchain (basis for creating authentic licenses and certificates)
- Bodycams (for police)
- Robots
- Biometrics (for healthcare)
- Generative AI
- Sensors (for public transport)
Lember (2018): Substitute, enable, or transform?
1. Flop
The technology won’t work or won’t get much use (e.g. Google Glass,
hoverboards)
2. Enable
The technology brings new tools to the table that complement what is
already being done (e.g. social media)
- Social media connects people, so in itself this is no innovation but we did
not do it through social media before
3. Substitute
The technology rivals existing technologies and approaches to the extent
that the alternatives disappear (e.g. mobile phones – replaced landlines,
travel cards – replaced physical tickets)
4. Transform
The technology offers something new that wasn’t available before (e.g.
smart watches – measures heart rate etc., hackathons)
What are digital and digitalisation?
Digitalisation = Digital transformation that ‘includes a number of
interconnected and evolving technologies’
- Moore’s law: Economic prediction that our power to store data increases
times two every 2 years
-> In about 150 years: More energy wanted than globe is currently
able to
produce for all human activities
Digital technologies are often contrasted with analogue technologies
- Analogue technologies = It sends data but not in numbers, the signals
are continuous, meaning they represent information in a continuous wave
form e.g. television image and radio station
- Digital technologies = Computer programming that is made with
binominal code (existing of 0s and 1s) as building block, it sends data in
numbers
- Can be stored for longer and more cheaply (e.g. on very small
3
and Digitalisation
Bestuurskunde
Jaar 2
Universiteit Leiden
1
,Inhoud
Week 1: Introduction.............................................................................................. 3
Week 2: The impact of digital reform.....................................................................7
Week 3: Social media........................................................................................... 13
Week 5: Public values theory & Autonomous weapons........................................17
Week 6: EU and national governance...................................................................21
Week 7: Machine learning.................................................................................... 24
2
, Week 1: Introduction
What are the ‘hot’ technologies in today’s public policy and
discussion?
- Blockchain (basis for creating authentic licenses and certificates)
- Bodycams (for police)
- Robots
- Biometrics (for healthcare)
- Generative AI
- Sensors (for public transport)
Lember (2018): Substitute, enable, or transform?
1. Flop
The technology won’t work or won’t get much use (e.g. Google Glass,
hoverboards)
2. Enable
The technology brings new tools to the table that complement what is
already being done (e.g. social media)
- Social media connects people, so in itself this is no innovation but we did
not do it through social media before
3. Substitute
The technology rivals existing technologies and approaches to the extent
that the alternatives disappear (e.g. mobile phones – replaced landlines,
travel cards – replaced physical tickets)
4. Transform
The technology offers something new that wasn’t available before (e.g.
smart watches – measures heart rate etc., hackathons)
What are digital and digitalisation?
Digitalisation = Digital transformation that ‘includes a number of
interconnected and evolving technologies’
- Moore’s law: Economic prediction that our power to store data increases
times two every 2 years
-> In about 150 years: More energy wanted than globe is currently
able to
produce for all human activities
Digital technologies are often contrasted with analogue technologies
- Analogue technologies = It sends data but not in numbers, the signals
are continuous, meaning they represent information in a continuous wave
form e.g. television image and radio station
- Digital technologies = Computer programming that is made with
binominal code (existing of 0s and 1s) as building block, it sends data in
numbers
- Can be stored for longer and more cheaply (e.g. on very small
3
