NASE Test 1

NASE Practise Test. Review the Scientific Method - CORRECT ANSWER o Ask a question o Form a Hypothesis o Design an experiment o Collect, analyze, and interpret the data o Generalize and public findings o Ask another question • Understand how clinical research is performed - CORRECT ANSWER o Clinical: Experimental design with in a group of people to see if a similar result will occur • Understand the importance of the control group - CORRECT ANSWER o You need something to compare your findings again • Know the types of Research designs - CORRECT ANSWER • Know the types of Research designs o Types of Research Designs Case: Results from a single person protocol conducted by a medical doctor Clinical: Experimental design with a group of people Epidemiological & Intervention: Population based, retrospective or prospective. Absolute risk - CORRECT ANSWER is the size of your own risk relative risk - CORRECT ANSWER is the number that tells you how much something you do, such as maintaining a healthy weight, can change your risk compared to your risk if you're very overweight. • experimental design - CORRECT ANSWER o How you will run your experiment including Number of subjects: is there enough for statistical significance Duration of Study: is it long enough for conclusions to be made Matching Groups: ethnicity, gender, age, etc • treatment protocol - CORRECT ANSWER o single blind: the subject does not know if they are in the experimental or control group o double blind: the subject and the primary investigator does not know who is in the experiment or the control group o crossover: each group experiences a period of being on the placebo and experimental drug- experience both arms of the study • control vs experimental group - CORRECT ANSWER o one group gets the experimental drug and the other gets a placebo o gives you something to compare your results too statistically significant but not clinically relevant - CORRECT ANSWER o just because something was found statistically significant in an experiment does not mean it can be reproduced into a clinical solution • correlation vs causation - CORRECT ANSWER o correlation does not prove causation o a healthy diet may reduce your chance of heart attack but fruits and vegetables do cure heart disease • Traits of a healthy mind - CORRECT ANSWER o Self confidence: confidence in your ability to complete a task o Self assertiveness: ability to express self while respecting others o Ego identity: firm self of self o Optimist: glass is half full o Happiness: the ability to bounce back o Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Phobia An extreme fear that interferes with your everyday life Arachniphobia: fear of spiders Clostrophobia: fear of small spaces OCD-obessesive compulsive disorder Repetitive habits that make you feel like you have to do them Repetitive methods Habits: light switch/locks 3 times Panic Disorder A period of intense fear without a apparent cause o Psychotic Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ chizophrenia A break with reality But auditory and visual hallucinations Delusory Parasitosis Dillusions that you are being craweled on by bugs A break with reality could cause people to harm themselves or cover themselves with gas to "kill the bugs" o Mood Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Depression Prolonged feeling of worthlessness Trouble getting out of bed/lack of energy or appetite Bipolar Disorder Extreme shifts in mood or energy levels Randomly ordering stuff online or trouble sleeping Depressive Disorder with seasonal pattern Prolonged feelings of worthless associated with weather Depression either related to the colder or darker months o Cognitive Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Alzheimer's disease A neurological disorder of the brain Memory and communication loss Parkinson's disease Progressive disorder resulting from dopamine levels that starts with tremors and can lead to lack of mobility. Shaking which could eventually lead to lack of use of limbs and eventual lack of mobility • Describe various treatment approaches to psychological disorders (medication vs therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER o Medication: there are condition specific drugs such as a mood stabilizer for someone with depression o Therapy: psychiatric, psychologist, social worker, counselor • neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER o chemicals that transmit signals between cells in the brain o imbalances or dysfunction associated with some disorders • unhealthy minds - CORRECT ANSWER o you see problems as permanent and general • "diathesis stress" hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER o your biological and social/environmental factors interact to act as causes of depression o Sources of Stress - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Daily Hassles (Quantity Stressors)-acute Household, health, time Major Stressors (Quality Stressors)-chronic-occurs when you cant shake the stress from the acute stressors Money, work, economy Stress response - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Helps your body respond to imminent crisis or danger Relaxation response - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Parasympathetic branch of the nervous system helps to reverse or deactivate stress.. • Describe the effects of stress on the body and the body's health - CORRECT ANSWER o Chronic stress can affect the immune system making your more susceptible to colds for virus o Stress can impact one's psychological and physical health Fatigue, depression, anger, anxiety • Understand the physiology of stress including the hormones involved in stress reactions - CORRECT ANSWER o A stressful experience activates the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which controls parasympathetic and sympathetic activities. The ANS triggers a chain reaction of hormones as the hypothalamus releases hormones which cause other glands to release stress difference between sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic response (repair and repose - CORRECT ANSWER o sympathetic (fight or flight) alarm adrenaline release eyes dilate resistance Increased heart rate Decreased digestion decreased immunity o parasympathetic response (repair and repose) adaptation stage attempt to renew energy repair damage restore hemostasis • Know the components of the General Adaptation Syndrome (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion) and how they may contribute to chronic disease - CORRECT ANSWER o Alarm Fight or flight adrenaline release eyes dilate o Resistance Increased heart rate Decreased digestion decreased immunity o Exhaustion Prolonged alarm and resitance will lead to exhaustion and during this phase you are most vulnerable to stress related disorders Body can not keep up with the demands of the stressor Resources are depleted • Understand the different chemicals produced during the stress response and how they affect the body - CORRECT ANSWER o Adrenalin (epinephrine) Increased heart rate and intensity of beating Dilates pupils Constricts arteries in skin and gut Dilates arteries in leg muscles • Understand the relationship between stress and health - CORRECT ANSWER o Stress can impact one's psychological and physical health Psychological problems include Fatigue, depression, anger, anxiety Describe various strategies to manage stress and relax. - CORRECT ANSWER o Exercise o Sound nutrition o Time management mediation • stress (eustress, distress) - CORRECT ANSWER Eustress, or positive stress can motive Distress, or negative stress can depress and cause worry • stress response or fight-or-flight response - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Stress response Helps your body respond to imminent crisis or danger • HPA axis - CORRECT ANSWER o hypothalamus releases hormones which cause other glands to release stress • autonomic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER o The ANS triggers a chain reaction of hormones as the hypothalamus releases hormones which cause other glands to release stress o Controls parasympathetic and sympathetic activites • Explain how family health history can help a person see patterns of health and illness and point to problems that might be inherited. - CORRECT ANSWER o A family health pedigree can be used as a diagram to illustrate the patterns of health and illness within a family o Patterns appear when traits or diseases occur across multiple generations • Discuss how genetic inheritance plays an important role in a person's health. - CORRECT ANSWER o Early onset diseases are more likely to have a genetic compenent o Multiple instances of the same disease on the same side of the family o Dominant - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ A single copy is enough to cause disease in all carriers, ex: huntinton's' disease o Recessive - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ Two copies needed to cause condition, ex tay-sachs o Autosomal - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ A mutation in one of the 22 non-sex chromosomes Involve genes within the autosome have changed o Sex linked - CORRECT ANSWER ♣ X linked- recessive 1 copy sufficient for disease in males (XY) 2 copies needed for females (XX) Ex: color blindness is x-linked recessive is female if female is (XX) she is only a carrier X linked dominant A dominant gene carried on the X chromosome Typically lethal in males and less common than x linked recessive • Explain the role that genes have in causing or contributing to disease, including genetic and mental disorders. - CORRECT ANSWER o Disease results from multiple