Chapter 14 Microbiology UTA Tholen
Exam Questions with Verified
Solutions
Chemotherapy - -drugs that target living cells and tissues (includes microbes
- Antimicrobials - -Used in 350 AD (even though they didn't know how the
chemical worked)
- Antimicrobials were mostly obtained through - -consumption of plants and
fermented products (i.e. beer)
- First drugs were developed by science in - -early 1900s
- Paul Ehrlich - -scanned through 600 arsenic compounds to find cure for
syphilis without killing host
- Syphilis compound was derived from - -Treponema pallidum and
established modern drug discovery methods
- Joseph Klarer, Fritz Mietzch, and Gerhard Domagk - -used synthetic dye,
prontosil, to treat strep infections
- The first synthetic antimicrobial was - -Prontosil; opened door for all "sulfa"
drugs
- Alex Fleming - -accidentally discovered antibiotic from Penicillum notatum
growing on bacterial agar plate
- Penicillum - -1st natural antibiotic
- Bactericidal - -kills microbes
- Bacteriostatic - -halts growth of microbes
- Narrow Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - -BEST CHOICE; targets specific
group of microbes
- Broad Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - -targets wide variety
- Downside to Broad Spectrum - -superinfection
, - Superinfection - -1) Normal microbiota keeps opportunistic pathogens in
check
2) Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill nonresistant cells
3) Drug-resistant pathogens proliferate and can cause a superinfection
- Dosage - -concentration given in a certain time period
- Optimal dosage allows - -high drug efficacy with low adverse effects for
patient
- What can aid in optimal dosing? - -Route of administration
- How can some drugs interact with each other? - -Synergistic (ex.
Trimethoprint + Bactrim) or Antagonistic (ex. Rifampin + birth control)
- Selective toxicity - -inhibiting/killing microbe but not harm to host
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent drugs: β-lactams: - -Presence of
lactam ring; blocks cross-linking of peptide chains in new peptidoglycan;
Penicillins (narrow), Cephalosporins (narrow except 3, 4, 5 generations; 5=
MRSA), Monobactams (narrow), and Carbapenems (broad)
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Vancomycin - -
binds to end of peptide chain to block subunits from adding to peptidoglycan
backbone; narrow spectrum against gram-positive bacteria
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Bacitracin - -
Derived from B. subtilis; blocks peptidoglycan precursors from getting to
wall; broad spectrum against gram positive and negative
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Aminoglycosides
- -Bind to 30S subunit of ribosome and impair "proofreading" ability; ex.
Streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin; Broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Tetracyclines - -
block association of tRNA with ribosome; broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Macrolides - -
binds to 50S subunit & inhibits peptide bond formation in specific combos of
amino acids; Ex. erythromycin, azithromycin, lincomycin (narrow spectrum);
broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Macrolides:
Chloramphenicol - -structurally diff. than macrolides but same mechanism of
action; Broad spectrum
Exam Questions with Verified
Solutions
Chemotherapy - -drugs that target living cells and tissues (includes microbes
- Antimicrobials - -Used in 350 AD (even though they didn't know how the
chemical worked)
- Antimicrobials were mostly obtained through - -consumption of plants and
fermented products (i.e. beer)
- First drugs were developed by science in - -early 1900s
- Paul Ehrlich - -scanned through 600 arsenic compounds to find cure for
syphilis without killing host
- Syphilis compound was derived from - -Treponema pallidum and
established modern drug discovery methods
- Joseph Klarer, Fritz Mietzch, and Gerhard Domagk - -used synthetic dye,
prontosil, to treat strep infections
- The first synthetic antimicrobial was - -Prontosil; opened door for all "sulfa"
drugs
- Alex Fleming - -accidentally discovered antibiotic from Penicillum notatum
growing on bacterial agar plate
- Penicillum - -1st natural antibiotic
- Bactericidal - -kills microbes
- Bacteriostatic - -halts growth of microbes
- Narrow Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - -BEST CHOICE; targets specific
group of microbes
- Broad Spectrum of Chemotherapy Drugs - -targets wide variety
- Downside to Broad Spectrum - -superinfection
, - Superinfection - -1) Normal microbiota keeps opportunistic pathogens in
check
2) Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill nonresistant cells
3) Drug-resistant pathogens proliferate and can cause a superinfection
- Dosage - -concentration given in a certain time period
- Optimal dosage allows - -high drug efficacy with low adverse effects for
patient
- What can aid in optimal dosing? - -Route of administration
- How can some drugs interact with each other? - -Synergistic (ex.
Trimethoprint + Bactrim) or Antagonistic (ex. Rifampin + birth control)
- Selective toxicity - -inhibiting/killing microbe but not harm to host
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent drugs: β-lactams: - -Presence of
lactam ring; blocks cross-linking of peptide chains in new peptidoglycan;
Penicillins (narrow), Cephalosporins (narrow except 3, 4, 5 generations; 5=
MRSA), Monobactams (narrow), and Carbapenems (broad)
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Vancomycin - -
binds to end of peptide chain to block subunits from adding to peptidoglycan
backbone; narrow spectrum against gram-positive bacteria
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Bacitracin - -
Derived from B. subtilis; blocks peptidoglycan precursors from getting to
wall; broad spectrum against gram positive and negative
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Aminoglycosides
- -Bind to 30S subunit of ribosome and impair "proofreading" ability; ex.
Streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin; Broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Tetracyclines - -
block association of tRNA with ribosome; broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Macrolides - -
binds to 50S subunit & inhibits peptide bond formation in specific combos of
amino acids; Ex. erythromycin, azithromycin, lincomycin (narrow spectrum);
broad spectrum
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Prominent Cell Wall drugs: Macrolides:
Chloramphenicol - -structurally diff. than macrolides but same mechanism of
action; Broad spectrum
