UTA-Microbiology Exam 2-
Dr.Parks|Questions with Answers
Prokaryotes Habitats - --found in hot springs, ice caps, deep ocean, skin, and
mucosal surfaces
-are ubiquitous
-why: they are very adaptable and resilient and are able to switch metabolic
respiration methods
-diversity is important: stability of ecosystems, carbon and nitrogen fixation,
environmental cleanup
-human pathogens and climate change
- Microbiomes - --The diverse communities of bacteria that live on or within
the body and are essential to bodily function.
-prokaryotes + eukaryote microbes = microbiome
-differ btwn different sites and organisms
-resident: natural there
-transient: not there or there for a short while
- Mutualism - --both are benefitted
-ex: gut nutrient metabolism
- Amensalism - --A is harmed and B is unaffected
-ex: antimicrobial defense on skin
- Commensalism - --A is benefitted and B is unaffected
-ex: skin cells as food source
- Neutralism - --both are unaffected
-ex:spores in soil
- Parasitism - --A is benefitted and B is harmed
-ex: tuberculosis, leprosy, etc.
- Taxonomy of Prokaryotes - --do not reproduce sexually
-not many distinctive morphological features
-molecular, biochemical, microscopi, and nucleotide sequences together is
best approach
- Gram Negative Phyla - --Proteobacteria
-Spirochete
-CFB group
-Planctomycetes
-Phototrophic bacteria
, - Gram Postitive Phyla - --Actinobacteria
-Firmicutes
- Atypical - --neither
-tenericutes
- Alphaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-oligotrophs: lives in low nutrient environments
-obligate intracellular and must have host to be metabolically active
-Rickettsia spp.: causative agent for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and
typhus fever, transmitted from tick, others spread through lice
-Chlamydia spp.: causative agents for lymphogranuloma venereum (STD),
spreads rapidly, endospore like
- Agrobacterium - --gram-negative bacillus
-plant pathogen, one species
-A.tumefaciens causes tumors in plants
- Rhizobium - --gram-negative, rectangular bacilli with rounded ends forming
clusters
- nitrogen fixing batters that live in soil and form symbiotic relationship with
roots of legumes
- Betaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-eutrophs: require many nutrients (copiotrophs)
-Bordetella spp.: causative agents with whooping cough (pertussis) and kneel
cough (dogs), produce toxins to paralyze lung cilia
-Neisseria gonorrhea: causative agent for gonorrhea STD, painful peeing
-Neisseria meningitides: causative agent for bacterial meningitis, difficult to
culture, typically live off our blood
- Gammaproteobacteria - --gram negative
-most diverse
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa - common infection of wounds, urinary tract, &
respiratory tract
-Pasteurella haemolytica - causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals
-Haemophilus influenza - causative agent for upper & lower respiratory
infections (does not cause influenza)
-Vibrio spp. - commonly found in alkaline environments such as ocean ports
& lagoons, gastrointestinal disease, cellulitis, blood-borne infections
-Vibrio cholera - causative agent of cholera and common to water
contamination
-Legionella pneumophila- causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and
common to water contamination
, -Enterobacter family - includes E. coli, & Salmonella spp., Coliforms - "E. coli -
like" microbes that ferment lactose completely, Noncoliforms - fermentation
of lactose is incomplete or absent
-E. coli - most mutualistic, some produce Shiga toxin
-Salmonella can have multiple serotypes, many that cause salmonellosis
- Deltaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-small class
-sulfate reducing bacteria
-desulfovibro orale- periodontal disease
-parasitic Bdellovibro app.
-soil dwelling Myxobacteria "slime bacteria"
- Epsilonproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-smallest class
-microaerophillic: only like a small amount of oxygen
-Campylobacter spp.: common to food poisoning, aerobic
-Helicobacter spp.: commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach
cancer in susceptible people
- Spirochetes - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-extremely thin and hard to stain and culture
-have axial filament similar to flagella
-Treponoma pallidum: causative agent for syphillis
-Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease
- CFB group - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-Genus: Cytophaga•Cytophaga spp. - gliding system for motility
(mechanisms mostly unknown)
-Genus: Fusobacterium•Fusobacteria spp. - inhabit mouth and can cause
various oral diseases
-Genus: Bacteroides•Bacteroides spp. - 30% of gut microbiome; lower levels
correlated with obesity
- Planctomycetes - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish
-reproduce via budding instead of binary fission (mother pinches off daughter
cell)
-Sessile cells: immobile with holdfast appendage
-Swarmer cells: motile, unable to reproduce
- Phototrophic Bacteria - --grouped based on function
-sunlight main source of energy via photosynthesis
- Cyanobacteria - --phototrophic bacteria
-highly adaptable and diverse
Dr.Parks|Questions with Answers
Prokaryotes Habitats - --found in hot springs, ice caps, deep ocean, skin, and
mucosal surfaces
-are ubiquitous
-why: they are very adaptable and resilient and are able to switch metabolic
respiration methods
-diversity is important: stability of ecosystems, carbon and nitrogen fixation,
environmental cleanup
-human pathogens and climate change
- Microbiomes - --The diverse communities of bacteria that live on or within
the body and are essential to bodily function.
-prokaryotes + eukaryote microbes = microbiome
-differ btwn different sites and organisms
-resident: natural there
-transient: not there or there for a short while
- Mutualism - --both are benefitted
-ex: gut nutrient metabolism
- Amensalism - --A is harmed and B is unaffected
-ex: antimicrobial defense on skin
- Commensalism - --A is benefitted and B is unaffected
-ex: skin cells as food source
- Neutralism - --both are unaffected
-ex:spores in soil
- Parasitism - --A is benefitted and B is harmed
-ex: tuberculosis, leprosy, etc.
- Taxonomy of Prokaryotes - --do not reproduce sexually
-not many distinctive morphological features
-molecular, biochemical, microscopi, and nucleotide sequences together is
best approach
- Gram Negative Phyla - --Proteobacteria
-Spirochete
-CFB group
-Planctomycetes
-Phototrophic bacteria
, - Gram Postitive Phyla - --Actinobacteria
-Firmicutes
- Atypical - --neither
-tenericutes
- Alphaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-oligotrophs: lives in low nutrient environments
-obligate intracellular and must have host to be metabolically active
-Rickettsia spp.: causative agent for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and
typhus fever, transmitted from tick, others spread through lice
-Chlamydia spp.: causative agents for lymphogranuloma venereum (STD),
spreads rapidly, endospore like
- Agrobacterium - --gram-negative bacillus
-plant pathogen, one species
-A.tumefaciens causes tumors in plants
- Rhizobium - --gram-negative, rectangular bacilli with rounded ends forming
clusters
- nitrogen fixing batters that live in soil and form symbiotic relationship with
roots of legumes
- Betaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-eutrophs: require many nutrients (copiotrophs)
-Bordetella spp.: causative agents with whooping cough (pertussis) and kneel
cough (dogs), produce toxins to paralyze lung cilia
-Neisseria gonorrhea: causative agent for gonorrhea STD, painful peeing
-Neisseria meningitides: causative agent for bacterial meningitis, difficult to
culture, typically live off our blood
- Gammaproteobacteria - --gram negative
-most diverse
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa - common infection of wounds, urinary tract, &
respiratory tract
-Pasteurella haemolytica - causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals
-Haemophilus influenza - causative agent for upper & lower respiratory
infections (does not cause influenza)
-Vibrio spp. - commonly found in alkaline environments such as ocean ports
& lagoons, gastrointestinal disease, cellulitis, blood-borne infections
-Vibrio cholera - causative agent of cholera and common to water
contamination
-Legionella pneumophila- causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and
common to water contamination
, -Enterobacter family - includes E. coli, & Salmonella spp., Coliforms - "E. coli -
like" microbes that ferment lactose completely, Noncoliforms - fermentation
of lactose is incomplete or absent
-E. coli - most mutualistic, some produce Shiga toxin
-Salmonella can have multiple serotypes, many that cause salmonellosis
- Deltaproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-small class
-sulfate reducing bacteria
-desulfovibro orale- periodontal disease
-parasitic Bdellovibro app.
-soil dwelling Myxobacteria "slime bacteria"
- Epsilonproteobacteria - --gram (-) proteobacteria
-smallest class
-microaerophillic: only like a small amount of oxygen
-Campylobacter spp.: common to food poisoning, aerobic
-Helicobacter spp.: commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach
cancer in susceptible people
- Spirochetes - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-extremely thin and hard to stain and culture
-have axial filament similar to flagella
-Treponoma pallidum: causative agent for syphillis
-Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease
- CFB group - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-Genus: Cytophaga•Cytophaga spp. - gliding system for motility
(mechanisms mostly unknown)
-Genus: Fusobacterium•Fusobacteria spp. - inhabit mouth and can cause
various oral diseases
-Genus: Bacteroides•Bacteroides spp. - 30% of gut microbiome; lower levels
correlated with obesity
- Planctomycetes - --gram (-) nonproteobacteria
-aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish
-reproduce via budding instead of binary fission (mother pinches off daughter
cell)
-Sessile cells: immobile with holdfast appendage
-Swarmer cells: motile, unable to reproduce
- Phototrophic Bacteria - --grouped based on function
-sunlight main source of energy via photosynthesis
- Cyanobacteria - --phototrophic bacteria
-highly adaptable and diverse
